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    Clinical Trial Results:
    A trial of antigen-specific immune tolerance induction in mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS I) patients initiating enzyme replacement therapy with Aldurazyme® (laronidase)

    Summary
    EudraCT number
    2007-001163-30
    Trial protocol
    Outside EU/EEA  
    Global end of trial date
    17 Sep 2012

    Results information
    Results version number
    v2(current)
    This version publication date
    07 Jul 2016
    First version publication date
    08 Jul 2015
    Other versions
    v1
    Version creation reason
    • Correction of full data set
    Typo corrections

    Trial information

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    Trial identification
    Sponsor protocol code
    ALID02307
    Additional study identifiers
    ISRCTN number
    -
    US NCT number
    NCT00741338
    WHO universal trial number (UTN)
    -
    Sponsors
    Sponsor organisation name
    Genzyme Corporation
    Sponsor organisation address
    500 Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA, United States, 02142
    Public contact
    Trial Transparency Team, Sanofi aventis recherche & développement, Contact-US@sanofi.com
    Scientific contact
    Trial Transparency Team, Sanofi aventis recherche & développement, Contact-US@sanofi.com
    Paediatric regulatory details
    Is trial part of an agreed paediatric investigation plan (PIP)
    No
    Does article 45 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Does article 46 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    Yes
    Results analysis stage
    Analysis stage
    Final
    Date of interim/final analysis
    13 Aug 2013
    Is this the analysis of the primary completion data?
    No
    Global end of trial reached?
    Yes
    Global end of trial date
    17 Sep 2012
    Was the trial ended prematurely?
    No
    General information about the trial
    Main objective of the trial
    To evaluate the antibody response to Aldurazyme in newly treated severe MPS I subjects following an antigen-specific immunosuppressive regimen.
    Protection of trial subjects
    Pediatric Trial:  The study was conducted by investigators experienced in the treatment of pediatric subjects. The parent(s) or guardian(s) as well as the children were fully informed of all pertinent aspects of the clinical trial as well as the possibility to discontinue at any time. In addition to the consent form for the parent(s)/guardian(s), an assent form in child-appropriate language was provided and explained to the child. Repeated invasive procedures were minimized. The number of blood samples as well as the amount of blood drawn were adjusted according to age and weight. A topical anesthesia may have been used to minimize distress and discomfort.
    Background therapy
    -
    Evidence for comparator
    -
    Actual start date of recruitment
    15 Sep 2008
    Long term follow-up planned
    No
    Independent data monitoring committee (IDMC) involvement?
    Yes
    Population of trial subjects
    Number of subjects enrolled per country
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Russian Federation: 3
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Brazil: 3
    Worldwide total number of subjects
    6
    EEA total number of subjects
    0
    Number of subjects enrolled per age group
    In utero
    0
    Preterm newborn - gestational age < 37 wk
    0
    Newborns (0-27 days)
    0
    Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    1
    Children (2-11 years)
    5
    Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0
    Adults (18-64 years)
    0
    From 65 to 84 years
    0
    85 years and over
    0

    Subject disposition

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    Recruitment
    Recruitment details
    The study was conducted at 2 centers in Brazil and Russia between September 2008 and September 2013.

    Pre-assignment
    Screening details
    A total of 7 subjects were enrolled, 3 in Cohort 1 and 4 in Cohort 2. Of the 4 subjects enrolled in Cohort 2, one subject was screen failure.

    Period 1
    Period 1 title
    Overall Study (overall period)
    Is this the baseline period?
    Yes
    Allocation method
    Not applicable
    Blinding used
    Not blinded

    Arms
    Are arms mutually exclusive
    Yes

    Arm title
    Cohort 1
    Arm description
    Tolerance Induction Period (TIP): Cyclosporine A (CsA) starting at 5 milligram per kilogram (mg/kg) orally three times daily until the target trough concentration of at least 350 nanogram per milliliter (ng/mL) (preferably 400 ng/mL) achieved along with azathioprine (Aza) 2.5 mg/kg/day orally. Once target CsA trough level achieved and maintained for at least 1 week, subjects received laronidase 0.058 mg/kg (low-dose) once weekly intravenous (IV) infusion (starting from Day 1) up to Week 12. CsA and Aza were gradually discontinued. Immune Challenge Period (ICP): following TIP, laronidase dose increased to 0.12 mg/kg once weekly IV infusion for 1 week followed by 0.25 mg/kg once weekly IV infusion for 1 week and then 0.58 mg/kg (full-dose) once weekly IV infusion up to Week 39.
    Arm type
    Experimental

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Laronidase
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Aldurazyme®
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Concentrate for solution for infusion
    Routes of administration
    Intravenous use
    Dosage and administration details
    0.12 mg/kg once weekly IV infusion for 1 week followed by 0.25 mg/kg once weekly IV infusion for 1 week and then 0.58 mg/kg (full-dose) once weekly IV infusion up to Week 39.

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Cyclosporine
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Neoral®
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Oral solution
    Routes of administration
    Oral use
    Dosage and administration details
    5 (mg/kg) orally three times daily until the target trough concentration of at least 350 nanogram per milliliter (ng/mL) (preferably 400 ng/mL) achieved along with azathioprine (Aza) 2.5 mg/kg/day orally. When targeted CsA level is achieved than dose of CsA and Aza were gradually discontinued.

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Azathioprine
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Imuran®
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Oral suspension
    Routes of administration
    Oral use
    Dosage and administration details
    2.5 mg/kg/day then gradually discontinued.

    Arm title
    Cohort 2
    Arm description
    TIP: CsA starting at 6.7 mg/kg orally three times daily until the target trough concentration of at least 350 ng/mL (preferably 400 ng/mL) achieved along with Aza 5 mg/kg orally every other day. Once target CsA trough level achieved and maintained for at least 1 week, subjects received laronidase 0.058 mg/kg (low-dose) once weekly IV infusion (starting from Day 1) up to Week 18. CsA and Aza were gradually discontinued. ICP: following TIP, laronidase dose increased to 0.12 mg/kg once weekly IV infusion for 1 week followed by 0.25 mg/kg once weekly IV infusion for 1 week and then 0.58 mg/kg (full-dose) once weekly IV infusion up to Week 45.
    Arm type
    Experimental

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Laronidase
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Aldurazyme®
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Concentrate for solution for infusion
    Routes of administration
    Intravenous use, Oral use
    Dosage and administration details
    Subjects received 0.058 mg/kg (low-dose) once weekly IV infusion (starting from Day 1) up to Week 18. Dose increased to 0.12 mg/kg once weekly IV infusion for 1 week followed by 0.25 mg/kg once weekly IV infusion for 1 week and then 0.58 mg/kg (full-dose) once weekly IV infusion up to Week 45.

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Cyclosporine
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Neoral®
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Oral solution
    Routes of administration
    Oral use
    Dosage and administration details
    6.7 mg/kg orally three times daily along with Aza every other day.

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Azathioprine
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Imuran®
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Oral suspension
    Routes of administration
    Oral use
    Dosage and administration details
    5 mg/kg orally every other day.

    Number of subjects in period 1
    Cohort 1 Cohort 2
    Started
    3
    3
    Completed
    3
    2
    Not completed
    0
    1
         Adverse Event
    -
    1

    Baseline characteristics

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    Baseline characteristics reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Cohort 1
    Reporting group description
    Tolerance Induction Period (TIP): Cyclosporine A (CsA) starting at 5 milligram per kilogram (mg/kg) orally three times daily until the target trough concentration of at least 350 nanogram per milliliter (ng/mL) (preferably 400 ng/mL) achieved along with azathioprine (Aza) 2.5 mg/kg/day orally. Once target CsA trough level achieved and maintained for at least 1 week, subjects received laronidase 0.058 mg/kg (low-dose) once weekly intravenous (IV) infusion (starting from Day 1) up to Week 12. CsA and Aza were gradually discontinued. Immune Challenge Period (ICP): following TIP, laronidase dose increased to 0.12 mg/kg once weekly IV infusion for 1 week followed by 0.25 mg/kg once weekly IV infusion for 1 week and then 0.58 mg/kg (full-dose) once weekly IV infusion up to Week 39.

    Reporting group title
    Cohort 2
    Reporting group description
    TIP: CsA starting at 6.7 mg/kg orally three times daily until the target trough concentration of at least 350 ng/mL (preferably 400 ng/mL) achieved along with Aza 5 mg/kg orally every other day. Once target CsA trough level achieved and maintained for at least 1 week, subjects received laronidase 0.058 mg/kg (low-dose) once weekly IV infusion (starting from Day 1) up to Week 18. CsA and Aza were gradually discontinued. ICP: following TIP, laronidase dose increased to 0.12 mg/kg once weekly IV infusion for 1 week followed by 0.25 mg/kg once weekly IV infusion for 1 week and then 0.58 mg/kg (full-dose) once weekly IV infusion up to Week 45.

    Reporting group values
    Cohort 1 Cohort 2 Total
    Number of subjects
    3 3 6
    Age categorical
    Units: Subjects
    Age continuous
    The number of subjects for cohort 2 = 4. Data included 1 subject who was screen failure.
    Units: years
        arithmetic mean (full range (min-max))
    2.6 (1.8 to 3.5) 3.77 (3 to 4.2) -
    Gender categorical
    Units: Subjects
        Female
    2 0 2
        Male
    1 3 4

    End points

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    End points reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Cohort 1
    Reporting group description
    Tolerance Induction Period (TIP): Cyclosporine A (CsA) starting at 5 milligram per kilogram (mg/kg) orally three times daily until the target trough concentration of at least 350 nanogram per milliliter (ng/mL) (preferably 400 ng/mL) achieved along with azathioprine (Aza) 2.5 mg/kg/day orally. Once target CsA trough level achieved and maintained for at least 1 week, subjects received laronidase 0.058 mg/kg (low-dose) once weekly intravenous (IV) infusion (starting from Day 1) up to Week 12. CsA and Aza were gradually discontinued. Immune Challenge Period (ICP): following TIP, laronidase dose increased to 0.12 mg/kg once weekly IV infusion for 1 week followed by 0.25 mg/kg once weekly IV infusion for 1 week and then 0.58 mg/kg (full-dose) once weekly IV infusion up to Week 39.

    Reporting group title
    Cohort 2
    Reporting group description
    TIP: CsA starting at 6.7 mg/kg orally three times daily until the target trough concentration of at least 350 ng/mL (preferably 400 ng/mL) achieved along with Aza 5 mg/kg orally every other day. Once target CsA trough level achieved and maintained for at least 1 week, subjects received laronidase 0.058 mg/kg (low-dose) once weekly IV infusion (starting from Day 1) up to Week 18. CsA and Aza were gradually discontinued. ICP: following TIP, laronidase dose increased to 0.12 mg/kg once weekly IV infusion for 1 week followed by 0.25 mg/kg once weekly IV infusion for 1 week and then 0.58 mg/kg (full-dose) once weekly IV infusion up to Week 45.

    Primary: Number of Subjects Who Achieved Immune Tolerance Induction

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    End point title
    Number of Subjects Who Achieved Immune Tolerance Induction [1]
    End point description
    Immune tolerance induction success was defined as development of an anti-laronidase immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody titer less than or equal to (<=) 1:3200 after 24 weeks of receiving full-dose (0.58 mg/kg) laronidase therapy. Safety population included all subjects who received any study drug treatment.
    End point type
    Primary
    End point timeframe
    24 weeks after start of full-dose laronidase therapy
    Notes
    [1] - No statistical analyses have been specified for this primary end point. It is expected there is at least one statistical analysis for each primary end point.
    Justification: No statistical comparison because only 1 subject met the criterion for immune tolerance induction success
    End point values
    Cohort 1 Cohort 2
    Number of subjects analysed
    3
    3
    Units: subjects
    0
    1
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Percent Reduction of Urinary Glycosaminoglycan (uGAG) Level From Baseline to the End of Treatment/Early Withdrawal

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    End point title
    Percent Reduction of Urinary Glycosaminoglycan (uGAG) Level From Baseline to the End of Treatment/Early Withdrawal
    End point description
    Urinary Glycosaminoglycan (uGAG) Levels: concentration of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) relative to creatinine in urine. A greater decrease in uGAG level indicates a greater response. Safety population included all subjects who received any study drug treatment.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Baseline, end of treatment/early withdrawal (up to 24 weeks after start of full-dose laronidase therapy)
    End point values
    Cohort 1 Cohort 2
    Number of subjects analysed
    3
    3
    Units: subjects
        median (full range (min-max))
    -43.8 (-61.7 to -6.7)
    -72.5 (-84.2 to -62.5)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Adverse events

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    Adverse events information
    Timeframe for reporting adverse events
    From signature of informed consent up to 30 days after end of treatment/early withdrawal (end of treatment/early withdrawal: up to 24 weeks after start of full-dose laronidase therapy).
    Adverse event reporting additional description
    Analysis was performed on safety population. In the event a single subject has experienced both a serious and a non-serious form of the same adverse event term, the subject has been included in the numerator ("number of affected subjects") of both adverse event tables.
    Assessment type
    Systematic
    Dictionary used for adverse event reporting
    Dictionary name
    MedDRA
    Dictionary version
    16.0
    Reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Cohort 2
    Reporting group description
    TIP: CsA starting at 6.7 mg/kg orally three times daily until the target trough concentration of at least 350 ng/mL (preferably 400 ng/mL) achieved along with Aza 5 mg/kg orally every other day. Once target CsA trough level achieved and maintained for at least 1 week, subjects received laronidase 0.058 mg/kg (low- dose) once weekly IV infusion (starting from Day 1) up to Week 18. CsA and Aza were gradually discontinued. ICP: following TIP, laronidase dose increased to 0.12 mg/kg once weekly IV infusion for 1 week followed by 0.25 mg/kg once weekly IV infusion for 1 week and then 0.58 mg/kg (full-dose) once weekly IV infusion up to Week 45.

    Reporting group title
    Cohort 1
    Reporting group description
    Tolerance Induction Period (TIP): Cyclosporine A (CsA) starting at 5 milligram per kilogram (mg/kg) orally three times daily until the target trough concentration of at least 350 nanogram per milliliter (ng/mL) (preferably 400 ng/mL) achieved along with azathioprine (Aza) 2.5 mg/kg/day orally. Once target CsA trough level achieved and maintained for at least 1 week, subjects received laronidase 0.058 mg/kg (low-dose) once weekly intravenous (IV) infusion (starting from Day 1) up to Week 12. CsA and Aza were gradually discontinued. Immune Challenge Period (ICP): following TIP, laronidase dose increased to 0.12 mg/kg once weekly IV infusion for 1 week followed by 0.25 mg/kg once weekly IV infusion for 1 week and then 0.58 mg/kg (full-dose) once weekly IV infusion up to Week 39.

    Serious adverse events
    Cohort 2 Cohort 1
    Total subjects affected by serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
    2 / 3 (66.67%)
         number of deaths (all causes)
    0
    0
         number of deaths resulting from adverse events
    Blood and lymphatic system disorders
    Neutropenia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    Bronchospasm
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Infections and infestations
    Bronchopneumonia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Device Related Infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Respiratory Tract Infection Viral
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Sinusitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Frequency threshold for reporting non-serious adverse events: 0%
    Non-serious adverse events
    Cohort 2 Cohort 1
    Total subjects affected by non serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 3 (100.00%)
    3 / 3 (100.00%)
    Vascular disorders
    Hyperaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    General disorders and administration site conditions
    Hyperthermia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Chills
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    2
    Influenza Like Illness
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Medical Device Complication
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Pyrexia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    2 / 3 (66.67%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    8
    Immune system disorders
    Drug Hypersensitivity
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    Bronchospasm
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Rhinorrhoea
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    2 / 3 (66.67%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    2
    Cough
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    2 / 3 (66.67%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    4
    Stridor
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    2
    Psychiatric disorders
    Anxiety
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Investigations
    Blood Pressure Increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 3 (66.67%)
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Head Circumference Abnormal
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Red Blood Cell Sedimentation Rate Increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Weight Decreased
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Injury, poisoning and procedural complications
    Arthropod Sting
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Head Injury
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Nervous system disorders
    Ataxia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Blood and lymphatic system disorders
    Anaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Iron Deficiency Anaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Lymphocytosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Neutropenia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    1
    Thrombocytosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Abdominal Pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    2 / 3 (66.67%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    8
    Diarrhoea
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    2
    Gingival Cyst
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Flatulence
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Gingival Hyperplasia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Nausea
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Umbilical Hernia, Obstructive
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Vomiting
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
    Dermatitis Allergic
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Alopecia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    2
    Erythema
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Dermatitis Atopic
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    2 / 3 (66.67%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    2
    Hypertrichosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    2 / 3 (66.67%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    2
    Hand Dermatitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Heat Rash
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Ingrowing Nail
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    2 / 3 (66.67%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    3
    Papule
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Prurigo
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Pruritus
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Rash
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    2 / 3 (66.67%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    2
    Rash Papular
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Urticaria
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    1
    Skin Maceration
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Infections and infestations
    Ear Infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Folliculitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Giardiasis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Gingivitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Impetigo
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    2
    Laryngitis Viral
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Periodontitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 3 (66.67%)
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    0
    Nematodiasis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Rash Pustular
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Respiratory Tract Infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Respiratory Tract Infection Viral
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Rhinitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    3 / 3 (100.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    7
    Sinusitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Metabolism and nutrition disorders
    Decreased Appetite
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 3 (0.00%)
    1 / 3 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1

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    Substantial protocol amendments (globally)

    Were there any global substantial amendments to the protocol? Yes
    Date
    Amendment
    12 Oct 2007
    -Added information on Ora-Blend® and provided instructions for creation of an oral liquid formulation of azathioprine by reconstitution of the tablet with Ora-Blend.
    12 Jun 2008
    -Increased the CsA dose in order to reach the target subject plasma level of CsA. - Modified the withdrawal rule regarding intravenous infusion antibiotics in recognition that intravenous infusion antibiotics are the treatment of choice in some countries. Thus, the modified rule bases withdrawal not on the type of treatment for an infection (oral versus intravenous) but rather on whether the infection is suspected to be due to the immunosuppressive therapy. - Added information pertaining to labeling, preparation, and storage of investigational products. - Clarified that the types of vaccines and the timing of vaccinations must comply with regional public health requirements. - Modified Inclusion Criterion #2 that the subjects’ parents or legal guardian must be willing and able to comply with the trial procedures. - Added testing for immunization antibodies in order to determine whether booster shots are necessary for subjects. • Specified that measurement of vital signs may be clinically indicated and captured accordingly even if no abnormalities of the vital signs are assessed as infusion-associated reactions. • Specified that immunology testing should not be limited to just testing for medically important events assessed as hypersensitivity reactions because subjects who experience moderate or recurrent reactions (suspected not to represent a hypersensitivity reaction) may become immunoglobulin E positive and subject-specific infusion management and additional immunology testing may be warranted. • Clarified follow-up for adverse event reporting and specified that uncontrolled hypertension is to be reported as a SAE. • Added a review of safety data for Cohort 1 by an independent Data Monitoring Committee before commencement of dosing in Cohort 2. • Updated the schedule of assessments table to reflect the aforementioned changes.
    10 Feb 2009
    - Specified the use of a local laboratory for the analysis of hematology parameters to provide timely safety information to the Investigator. - Specified the use of a local laboratory for analysis of CsA trough levels to provide timely trough level information to the Investigator. - Clarified that a positive CsA trough level report from the central laboratory was necessary to begin low-dose Aldurazyme infusions. The local laboratory must report that the target level was reached in a sample taken approximately 1 week after the sample tested by the central laboratory. - Added a statement that subjects are to be encouraged to enroll in the MPS I Registry after completing the study.
    11 Dec 2009
    Details of the new immunosuppressive regimen was added for Cohort 2 : - Extension of the initial dosing period (for both CsA and azathioprine) from 4 weeks to 6 weeks in the Tolerance Induction Period. - Extension of the immunosuppressant step-down period from 4 weeks to 8 weeks, and number of Aldurazyme infusions increased by 6 (i.e., one infusion per each week). - Study duration of 6 weeks was increased. - Full dose of azathioprine was increased from 2.5 mg/kg to 5.0 mg/kg, and the dosing frequency was decreased from every day to every other day. specification that its administration is to be 3 oral doses given at 8-hour intervals. - Added text regarding the 30-day follow-up phone call in the protocol body and the schedule of events, clarified text regarding the use of subjects diary cards for collection of data on immunosuppressant usage, and made consistent the entry criteria contained in the synopsis with that in the body of the document. - Modified Exclusion Criterion #9 to state that subjects with a history of tuberculosis or a positive test for latent tuberculosis will be excluded from the study. - Modified Inclusion Criterion #6 to require that subjects had a documented α-L-iduronidase deficiency based on a fibroblast, plasma, serum, leukocyte, or dried blood spot α-L-iduronidase enzyme activity assay (not a level of ≤10% of the normal mean value of the measuring laboratory). - Added new Exclusion Criterion #3 to prevent enrollment of subjects with a severe hypersensitivity to any of the investigational drugs in the study. - Clarified that the "immune tolerance group" used for statistical comparisons is also called the "final cohort" or the "cohort that received the final regimen". - Corrected and clarified the roles of the Sponsor, Investigator, and Data Monitoring Committee. - Updated the definition of infusion-associated reaction to reflect the current definitions of the Sponsor's Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology group.
    08 May 2012
    - Decreased the maximum number of cohorts from 3 to 2 due to difficulty in recruiting suitable subjects into the study. - Changed the success criteria of a cohort from 4 of 7 evaluable subjects to 3 of 7 evaluable subjects due to updated power calculations, and decreased the maximum number of subjects enrolled from 18 to 12. - Increased the upper age limit to include subjects who were 5 years of age at enrollment or younger. - Removed experimental immune assays as safety assessments for Cohort 2. - Clarified the processes for assessing infusion-associated reactions.

    Interruptions (globally)

    Were there any global interruptions to the trial? No

    Limitations and caveats

    Limitations of the trial such as small numbers of subjects analysed or technical problems leading to unreliable data.
    Study was discontinued on September 10,2013 due to changing standards of care for this population, practical infeasibility of routinely monitoring plasma CsA in clinical setting, inconclusive results of interim analysis and not due to safety concern.
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