Clinical Trial Results:
Prevent: Secondary Prevention of Schizophrenia. A randomized controlled trial.
Summary
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EudraCT number |
2007-001573-28 |
Trial protocol |
DE |
Global end of trial date |
26 Jan 2015
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Results information
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Results version number |
v1(current) |
This version publication date |
02 Nov 2022
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First version publication date |
02 Nov 2022
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Other versions |
Trial Information
Subject Disposition
Baseline Characteristics
End Points
Adverse Events
More Information
Subject Disposition
Baseline Characteristics
End Points
Adverse Events
More Information
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Trial identification
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Sponsor protocol code |
Uni-Koeln-320
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Additional study identifiers
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ISRCTN number |
ISRCTN02658871 | ||
US NCT number |
- | ||
WHO universal trial number (UTN) |
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Sponsors
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Sponsor organisation name |
University of Cologne
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Sponsor organisation address |
Albertus-Magnus-Platz, Koeln, Germany, 50923
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Public contact |
Gruppe Lebenswissenschaften 2, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, hendrik.mueller@uk-koeln.de
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Scientific contact |
Gruppe Lebenswissenschaften 2, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, hendrik.mueller@uk-koeln.de
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Paediatric regulatory details
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Is trial part of an agreed paediatric investigation plan (PIP) |
No
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Does article 45 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial? |
No
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Does article 46 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial? |
No
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Results analysis stage
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Analysis stage |
Final
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Date of interim/final analysis |
31 Oct 2014
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Is this the analysis of the primary completion data? |
Yes
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Primary completion date |
31 Oct 2014
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Global end of trial reached? |
Yes
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Global end of trial date |
26 Jan 2015
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Was the trial ended prematurely? |
No
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General information about the trial
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Main objective of the trial |
The study addresses the following principal research questions (PRQ):
(1) Are clinical management and aripiprazole combined (CM+ARI) more effective in PAR than CM and placebo combined (CM+PL)?
(2) Is CBT more effective in PAR than CM+PL?
(3) Is CBT not less effective in PAR than CM+ARI?
If PRQ 1-3 will be answered positively, there will be substantial empirical evidence for the prevention of first-episode psychosis.
The major motivation for the study is to answer PRQ 1, 2 and 3 regarding the primary aim of prevention of first-episode psychosis, the “delay or prevention of transition to psychosis”.
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Protection of trial subjects |
Assessment of safety: death, suicidal behaviour and severe depressive symptom exacerbation, pharmacological side effects
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Background therapy |
Citalopram or escitalopram were the preferred antidepressive drugs. Lorazepam (maximum 7,5mg/d), zopiclon (maximum 15 mg/d), and chloral hydrate (maximum 1000 mg/d) were allowed to use for agitation and/or insomnia. Propranalol hydrochloride was allowed to treat akathisia. Biperiden up to 6 mg/day, was allowed to treat extrapyramidal symptoms. | ||
Evidence for comparator |
Many authors claimed a need for methodological sound collaborative large scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the clinical high risk for first episode psychosis population (CHR) involving strategies which have been found to have preventive potential in CHR (e. g. Heinssen et al., 2003; McGorry et al., 2004; Marshall and Lockwood, 2004; Olsen and Rosenbaum, 2005). Aripiprazole (ARI) was chosen as antipsychotic agent because of its partial dopamine D2 and 5-HT1A receptor agonist and 5-HT2A receptor antagonist activity, which was postulated to be effective on schizophrenia positive and negative symptoms as well as on cognitive deficits while at the same time causing little extrapyramidal side effects, prolactin plasma level elevations and weight gain. The efficacy of ARI has been evaluated with regard to negative symptoms and depression as well as to positive symptoms. ARI is as effective as other antipsychotics combined with good tolerability, especially with regard to hyperprolactinaemia, sedation, weight gain, for diabetes mellitus, electrocardiographic disturbances and extrapyramidal symptoms (Lieberman, 2004; El-Sayeh and Morganti, 2006). First pilot evaluations in CHR demonstrated a good efficacy and tolerability of the compound (Woods 2006). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): There are two reasons to include this condition in the study: (a) evidence for superiority of antipsychotic agents and CBT when compared with unspecific conditions is equivocal so far. (b) CBT in PAR may have ethical, acceptance and compliance advantages. | ||
Actual start date of recruitment |
01 Apr 2008
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Long term follow-up planned |
No
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Independent data monitoring committee (IDMC) involvement? |
Yes
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Population of trial subjects
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Number of subjects enrolled per country |
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Country: Number of subjects enrolled |
Germany: 280
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Worldwide total number of subjects |
280
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EEA total number of subjects |
280
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Number of subjects enrolled per age group |
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In utero |
0
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Preterm newborn - gestational age < 37 wk |
0
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Newborns (0-27 days) |
0
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Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months) |
0
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Children (2-11 years) |
0
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Adolescents (12-17 years) |
0
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Adults (18-64 years) |
280
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From 65 to 84 years |
0
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85 years and over |
0
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Recruitment
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Recruitment details |
Recruitment started on 01.04.2008 and ended on 31.10.2013. The trial was conducted at eleven early detection and intervention centers located at the departments of psychiatry and psychotherapy of the Universities of Cologne, Aachen, Berlin, Bochum, Bonn, Dresden, Düsseldorf, Göttingen, Hamburg, Heidelberg (Medical Faculty Mannheim), and Munich. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pre-assignment
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Screening details |
3004 help-seeking individuals were screened with a checklist. Those who met the threshold checklist criteria and fulfilled no exclusion criteria underwent an assessment in terms of inclusion criteria: 18-49 years old, verbal IQ >70 meeting: Ultra high risk for psychosis criteria and/or basic symptoms cognitive disturbances criteria. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Period 1
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Period 1 title |
Randomization (overall period)
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Is this the baseline period? |
Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Allocation method |
Randomised - controlled
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Blinding used |
Double blind | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Roles blinded |
Subject, Investigator, Monitor, Carer, Assessor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arms
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Are arms mutually exclusive |
Yes
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Arm title
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Clinical management (CM) and aripiprazole (ARI) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arm description |
Clinical management and low dose of aripiprazole. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arm type |
Experimental | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investigational medicinal product name |
Aripiprazole
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Investigational medicinal product code |
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Other name |
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Pharmaceutical forms |
Tablet
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Routes of administration |
Oral use
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Dosage and administration details |
The initial dose of aripiprazole was 2 mg in the first week, 2–5 mg in the second week, and 2–10 mg in the third week. After that, it could be dosed to a maximum of 15 mg. Bristol-Meyers Squibb USA manufactured the aripiprazole and matching placebo.
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Arm title
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Clinical management (CM) and placebo (PL) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arm description |
Clinical management and placebo. The placebo was matching aripiprazole. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arm type |
Placebo | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investigational medicinal product name |
Placebo
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Investigational medicinal product code |
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Other name |
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Pharmaceutical forms |
Tablet
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Routes of administration |
Oral use
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Dosage and administration details |
The packaging, appearance, color, and taste of the aripiprazole and placebo tablets were identical to verum.
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Arm title
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arm description |
Cognitive behavioral therapy adapted to the needs of individuals at clinical high risk for first-episode psychosis as detailed by a manual developed by Bechdolf et al. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arm type |
Experimental | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investigational medicinal product name |
Cognitive behavioral therapy
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Investigational medicinal product code |
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Other name |
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Pharmaceutical forms |
Not assigned
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Routes of administration |
Other use
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Dosage and administration details |
CBT included a maximum of 30 individual sessions of up to 50 minutes over 52 weeks and was provided using a manual developed by Bechdolf et al.
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Baseline characteristics reporting groups
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Reporting group title |
Randomization
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Reporting group description |
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Subject analysis sets
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Subject analysis set title |
Subject analysis set: ITT
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Subject analysis set type |
Intention-to-treat | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Subject analysis set description |
Following the intention-to-treat (ITT) principle, all randomized subjects were included in the analysis.
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End points reporting groups
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Reporting group title |
Clinical management (CM) and aripiprazole (ARI)
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Reporting group description |
Clinical management and low dose of aripiprazole. | ||
Reporting group title |
Clinical management (CM) and placebo (PL)
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Reporting group description |
Clinical management and placebo. The placebo was matching aripiprazole. | ||
Reporting group title |
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
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Reporting group description |
Cognitive behavioral therapy adapted to the needs of individuals at clinical high risk for first-episode psychosis as detailed by a manual developed by Bechdolf et al. | ||
Subject analysis set title |
Subject analysis set: ITT
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Subject analysis set type |
Intention-to-treat | ||
Subject analysis set description |
Following the intention-to-treat (ITT) principle, all randomized subjects were included in the analysis.
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End point title |
Transition to psychosis [1] | ||||||||||||
End point description |
Transition to psychosis at 12 months defined as one or more of the five positive scales of the Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms (SIPS) and its companion Scale of Prodromal Symptoms (SOPS), rated with a score of 6 and lasting longer than seven days, is reported as the primary outcome.
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End point type |
Primary
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End point timeframe |
The primary endpoint was assessed by blinded raters at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 28, 36, 44, and 52.
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Notes [1] - The end point is not reporting statistics for all the arms in the baseline period. It is expected all the baseline period arms will be reported on when providing values for an end point on the baseline period. Justification: We present the pairwise comparisons. |
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Statistical analysis title |
CM+ARI vs. CM+PL | ||||||||||||
Statistical analysis description |
Clinical management plus aripiprazole (CM+ARI) compared to clinical management plus placebo (CM+PLC).
SIPS-P at baseline as covariate.
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Comparison groups |
Clinical management (CM) and aripiprazole (ARI) v Clinical management (CM) and placebo (PL) v Subject analysis set: ITT
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Number of subjects included in analysis |
431
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Analysis specification |
Pre-specified
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Analysis type |
superiority | ||||||||||||
P-value |
= 0.049 | ||||||||||||
Method |
Regression, Cox | ||||||||||||
Parameter type |
Log hazard ratio | ||||||||||||
Point estimate |
2.6
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Confidence interval |
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level |
95% | ||||||||||||
sides |
2-sided
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lower limit |
1 | ||||||||||||
upper limit |
6.7 | ||||||||||||
Variability estimate |
Standard error of the mean
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Dispersion value |
0.49
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End point title |
Transition to psychosis [2] | ||||||||||||
End point description |
Transition to psychosis at 12 months defined as one or more of the five positive scales of the Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms (SIPS) and its companion Scale of Prodromal Symptoms (SOPS), rated with a score of 6 and lasting longer than seven days, is reported as the primary outcome.
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End point type |
Primary
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End point timeframe |
The primary endpoint was assessed by blinded raters at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 28, 36, 44, and 52.
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Notes [2] - The end point is not reporting statistics for all the arms in the baseline period. It is expected all the baseline period arms will be reported on when providing values for an end point on the baseline period. Justification: We present the pairwise comparisons. |
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Statistical analysis title |
CBT vs. CM+PL | ||||||||||||
Statistical analysis description |
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) compared to clinical management plus placebo (CM+PLC).
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Comparison groups |
Clinical management (CM) and placebo (PL) v Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
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Number of subjects included in analysis |
184
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Analysis specification |
Pre-specified
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Analysis type |
superiority | ||||||||||||
P-value |
= 0.464 | ||||||||||||
Method |
Regression, Cox | ||||||||||||
Parameter type |
Hazard ratio (HR) | ||||||||||||
Point estimate |
1.42
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Confidence interval |
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level |
95% | ||||||||||||
sides |
2-sided
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lower limit |
0.55 | ||||||||||||
upper limit |
3.7 | ||||||||||||
Variability estimate |
Standard error of the mean
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Dispersion value |
0.482
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End point title |
Transition to psychosis [3] | ||||||||||||
End point description |
Transition to psychosis at 12 months defined as one or more of the five positive scales of the Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms (SIPS) and its companion Scale of Prodromal Symptoms (SOPS), rated with a score of 6 and lasting longer than seven days, is reported as the primary outcome.
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End point type |
Primary
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End point timeframe |
The primary endpoint was assessed by blinded raters at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 28, 36, 44, and 52.
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Notes [3] - The end point is not reporting statistics for all the arms in the baseline period. It is expected all the baseline period arms will be reported on when providing values for an end point on the baseline period. Justification: We present the pairwise comparisons. |
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Notes [4] - We present the pairwise comparisons |
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Statistical analysis title |
CBT vs. CM+ARI | ||||||||||||
Statistical analysis description |
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) compared to Clinical management plus aripiprazole (CM+ARI).
SIPS-P at baseline as covariate.
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Comparison groups |
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) v Clinical management (CM) and aripiprazole (ARI)
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Number of subjects included in analysis |
225
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Analysis specification |
Pre-specified
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Analysis type |
non-inferiority | ||||||||||||
P-value |
= 0.065 | ||||||||||||
Method |
Regression, Cox | ||||||||||||
Parameter type |
Hazard ratio (HR) | ||||||||||||
Point estimate |
0.548
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Confidence interval |
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level |
95% | ||||||||||||
sides |
2-sided
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lower limit |
0.29 | ||||||||||||
upper limit |
1.03 | ||||||||||||
Variability estimate |
Standard error of the mean
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Dispersion value |
0.326
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Adverse events information
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Timeframe for reporting adverse events |
During the trial and the following 30 days (04.2008 to 11.2014)
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Assessment type |
Systematic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dictionary used for adverse event reporting
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Dictionary name |
non | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dictionary version |
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Reporting groups
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Reporting group title |
Clinical management (CM) and aripiprazole (ARI)
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Reporting group description |
CM was provided in addition to ARI or PLC and comprised a maximum of 21 sessions in the treatment phase of 52 weeks: weekly in the first four weeks, biweekly in the next 20 weeks and every fourth week over the following 28 weeks. The initial session lasted up to 60 minutes; the following sessions ranged from 20 to 30 minutes. The initial dose of Aripiprazole (ARI) was 2 mg in the first week, 2-5 mg in the second week, and 2-10 mg in the third week, which could be dosed to a maximum of 15 mg thereafter. In accordance with the literature on people at risk, the overall dose range is lower (from 5 to 15 milligrams per day) as compared to first episode psychosis patients. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Reporting group title |
Clinical management (CM) and placebo (PL)
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Reporting group description |
CM was provided in addition to ARI or PLC and comprised a maximum of 21 sessions in the treatment phase of 52 weeks: weekly in the first four weeks, biweekly in the next 20 weeks and every fourth week over the following 28 weeks. The initial session lasted up to 60 minutes; the following sessions ranged from 20 to 30 minutes. Aripiprazole matching placebo. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Reporting group title |
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
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Reporting group description |
CBT included a total maximum of 30 individual sessions up to 50 minutes in 12 months. CBT started with weekly appointments for the first four months, fortnightly over the next six months and monthly over the last two months. However, the frequency and duration of the sessions were flexible depending on the arrangement made between the individual clients and the therapists as well as on the mental state of individual clients. CBT was provided by a manual developed by Bechdolf et al. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Frequency threshold for reporting non-serious adverse events: 0% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Substantial protocol amendments (globally) |
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Were there any global substantial amendments to the protocol? Yes | |||
Date |
Amendment |
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17 Oct 2007 |
Amendment 01 approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Cologne:
The ethics committee of the University of Cologne made the following conditions for the initial approval of the trial protocol:
1. Addition to the exclusion criteria: intended pregnancy during the study.
2. Cardiovascular diseases should be included in the exclusion criteria, as hypersensitivity to aripiprazole administration must be expected.
3. Exclusion criteria should be expanded to: The person concerned has not been committed to an institution by virtue of an order issued by judicial or administrative authorities.
4. The wording concerning the termination of the study in the case of suicide or SAEs should be clarified (e.g. by stating rates) or deleted, as this is already included under "safety reasons".
5. Correct that during the visits, not only adverse Reactions but also adverse events are documented.
6. Even if allergic reactions to placebo cannot be ruled out, they should not be considered "expected" but treated as SUSAR if necessary.
7. We assume that by and large patients will be in the normal range of laboratory parameters. Therefore, any change of these parameters outside of the norm or changes in vital signs, (ECG), and changes that are otherwise considered clinically relevant by the investigator should be documented as an adverse event.
8. On page 112, 'initials' should be deleted, since according to Section 4.6.6 a patient ID is assigned without initials, and the use of initials must be considered inadmissible under data protection law.
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02 Oct 2008 |
Amendment 02, Protocol version 6.1 approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Cologne:
Based on the experience gathered since the start of the PREVENT trial, the following changes were necessary to improve the feasibility of the study and increase its practicability. There was no change in the primary endpoints; the secondary endpoints were expanded.
1. Physical examinations (ECG and laboratory parameters) were reduced to improved feasibility.
2. Specifications of how blood samples are to be taken, processed and stored were added.
3. Inclusion of the additional secondary endpoint "neurotrophic factors and oxidative stress as an add on to the study.
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03 Nov 2011 |
Amendment 03 Protocol version 8.0 approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Cologne:
1. Four additional centres were added to speed up recruitment.
2. Change of principal investigator in Düsseldorf was documented.
3. Inclusion criteria were revised from 40 to 49 years to accelerate recruitment.
4. Exclusion criteria were made more specific for better comprehensibility or were narrowed down in some points in order to include a larger group of patients (exclusion criterium: "current or past antipsychotic treatment for longer than 1 week: current or past antipsychotic treatment shorter than 1 week without a washout phase of at least 4 weeks "was changed to: "current or past antipsychotic treatment without a washout phase of at least 4 weeks. "
5. As the trial fell short of its recruitment goals, the time schedule was extended.
6. Contact details of principal investigators were updated.
7. Due to delays in the inclusion diagnostics, imaging (MRT) should be alternatively performed by CT.
8. The assessment frequency of the "Social Adjustment Scale" was reduced, since the scale refers to the period of the last three months on the one hand, and the survey dates were assessed as sufficient by the study director on the other.
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07 May 2014 |
Amendment 04 Protocol version 3.0 approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Cologne:
1. The trial did not meet its recruitment milestones. Thus, the power calculation was revised. The number of subjects to be included was reduced from 380 to 300.
2. Declining event rates were reported by studies in the field. Thus the primary endpoint "transition to psychosis" was expanded to "progression to psychosis".
3. In order to improve recruitment, two recruiting centres were added to the study.
4. Contact details were updated.
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Interruptions (globally) |
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Were there any global interruptions to the trial? No | |||
Limitations and caveats |
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Limitations of the trial such as small numbers of subjects analysed or technical problems leading to unreliable data. | |||
None reported |