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    Clinical Trial Results:
    Prevent: Secondary Prevention of Schizophrenia. A randomized controlled trial.

    Summary
    EudraCT number
    2007-001573-28
    Trial protocol
    DE  
    Global end of trial date
    26 Jan 2015

    Results information
    Results version number
    v1(current)
    This version publication date
    02 Nov 2022
    First version publication date
    02 Nov 2022
    Other versions

    Trial information

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    Trial identification
    Sponsor protocol code
    Uni-Koeln-320
    Additional study identifiers
    ISRCTN number
    ISRCTN02658871
    US NCT number
    -
    WHO universal trial number (UTN)
    -
    Sponsors
    Sponsor organisation name
    University of Cologne
    Sponsor organisation address
    Albertus-Magnus-Platz, Koeln, Germany, 50923
    Public contact
    Gruppe Lebenswissenschaften 2, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, hendrik.mueller@uk-koeln.de
    Scientific contact
    Gruppe Lebenswissenschaften 2, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, hendrik.mueller@uk-koeln.de
    Paediatric regulatory details
    Is trial part of an agreed paediatric investigation plan (PIP)
    No
    Does article 45 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Does article 46 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Results analysis stage
    Analysis stage
    Final
    Date of interim/final analysis
    31 Oct 2014
    Is this the analysis of the primary completion data?
    Yes
    Primary completion date
    31 Oct 2014
    Global end of trial reached?
    Yes
    Global end of trial date
    26 Jan 2015
    Was the trial ended prematurely?
    No
    General information about the trial
    Main objective of the trial
    The study addresses the following principal research questions (PRQ): (1) Are clinical management and aripiprazole combined (CM+ARI) more effective in PAR than CM and placebo combined (CM+PL)? (2) Is CBT more effective in PAR than CM+PL? (3) Is CBT not less effective in PAR than CM+ARI? If PRQ 1-3 will be answered positively, there will be substantial empirical evidence for the prevention of first-episode psychosis. The major motivation for the study is to answer PRQ 1, 2 and 3 regarding the primary aim of prevention of first-episode psychosis, the “delay or prevention of transition to psychosis”.
    Protection of trial subjects
    Assessment of safety: death, suicidal behaviour and severe depressive symptom exacerbation, pharmacological side effects
    Background therapy
    Citalopram or escitalopram were the preferred antidepressive drugs. Lorazepam (maximum 7,5mg/d), zopiclon (maximum 15 mg/d), and chloral hydrate (maximum 1000 mg/d) were allowed to use for agitation and/or insomnia. Propranalol hydrochloride was allowed to treat akathisia. Biperiden up to 6 mg/day, was allowed to treat extrapyramidal symptoms.
    Evidence for comparator
    Many authors claimed a need for methodological sound collaborative large scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the clinical high risk for first episode psychosis population (CHR) involving strategies which have been found to have preventive potential in CHR (e. g. Heinssen et al., 2003; McGorry et al., 2004; Marshall and Lockwood, 2004; Olsen and Rosenbaum, 2005). Aripiprazole (ARI) was chosen as antipsychotic agent because of its partial dopamine D2 and 5-HT1A receptor agonist and 5-HT2A receptor antagonist activity, which was postulated to be effective on schizophrenia positive and negative symptoms as well as on cognitive deficits while at the same time causing little extrapyramidal side effects, prolactin plasma level elevations and weight gain. The efficacy of ARI has been evaluated with regard to negative symptoms and depression as well as to positive symptoms. ARI is as effective as other antipsychotics combined with good tolerability, especially with regard to hyperprolactinaemia, sedation, weight gain, for diabetes mellitus, electrocardiographic disturbances and extrapyramidal symptoms (Lieberman, 2004; El-Sayeh and Morganti, 2006). First pilot evaluations in CHR demonstrated a good efficacy and tolerability of the compound (Woods 2006). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): There are two reasons to include this condition in the study: (a) evidence for superiority of antipsychotic agents and CBT when compared with unspecific conditions is equivocal so far. (b) CBT in PAR may have ethical, acceptance and compliance advantages.
    Actual start date of recruitment
    01 Apr 2008
    Long term follow-up planned
    No
    Independent data monitoring committee (IDMC) involvement?
    Yes
    Population of trial subjects
    Number of subjects enrolled per country
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Germany: 280
    Worldwide total number of subjects
    280
    EEA total number of subjects
    280
    Number of subjects enrolled per age group
    In utero
    0
    Preterm newborn - gestational age < 37 wk
    0
    Newborns (0-27 days)
    0
    Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    0
    Children (2-11 years)
    0
    Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0
    Adults (18-64 years)
    280
    From 65 to 84 years
    0
    85 years and over
    0

    Subject disposition

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    Recruitment
    Recruitment details
    Recruitment started on 01.04.2008 and ended on 31.10.2013. The trial was conducted at eleven early detection and intervention centers located at the departments of psychiatry and psychotherapy of the Universities of Cologne, Aachen, Berlin, Bochum, Bonn, Dresden, Düsseldorf, Göttingen, Hamburg, Heidelberg (Medical Faculty Mannheim), and Munich.

    Pre-assignment
    Screening details
    3004 help-seeking individuals were screened with a checklist. Those who met the threshold checklist criteria and fulfilled no exclusion criteria underwent an assessment in terms of inclusion criteria: 18-49 years old, verbal IQ >70 meeting: Ultra high risk for psychosis criteria and/or basic symptoms cognitive disturbances criteria.

    Period 1
    Period 1 title
    Randomization (overall period)
    Is this the baseline period?
    Yes
    Allocation method
    Randomised - controlled
    Blinding used
    Double blind
    Roles blinded
    Subject, Investigator, Monitor, Carer, Assessor

    Arms
    Are arms mutually exclusive
    Yes

    Arm title
    Clinical management (CM) and aripiprazole (ARI)
    Arm description
    Clinical management and low dose of aripiprazole.
    Arm type
    Experimental

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Aripiprazole
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Tablet
    Routes of administration
    Oral use
    Dosage and administration details
    The initial dose of aripiprazole was 2 mg in the first week, 2–5 mg in the second week, and 2–10 mg in the third week. After that, it could be dosed to a maximum of 15 mg. Bristol-Meyers Squibb USA manufactured the aripiprazole and matching placebo.

    Arm title
    Clinical management (CM) and placebo (PL)
    Arm description
    Clinical management and placebo. The placebo was matching aripiprazole.
    Arm type
    Placebo

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Placebo
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Tablet
    Routes of administration
    Oral use
    Dosage and administration details
    The packaging, appearance, color, and taste of the aripiprazole and placebo tablets were identical to verum.

    Arm title
    Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
    Arm description
    Cognitive behavioral therapy adapted to the needs of individuals at clinical high risk for first-episode psychosis as detailed by a manual developed by Bechdolf et al.
    Arm type
    Experimental

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Cognitive behavioral therapy
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Not assigned
    Routes of administration
    Other use
    Dosage and administration details
    CBT included a maximum of 30 individual sessions of up to 50 minutes over 52 weeks and was provided using a manual developed by Bechdolf et al.

    Number of subjects in period 1
    Clinical management (CM) and aripiprazole (ARI) Clinical management (CM) and placebo (PL) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
    Started
    96
    55
    129
    Completed
    21
    14
    53
    Not completed
    75
    41
    76
         Lost to follow-up
    56
    34
    55
         Transition to psychosis
    19
    7
    21

    Baseline characteristics

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    Baseline characteristics reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Randomization
    Reporting group description
    -

    Reporting group values
    Randomization Total
    Number of subjects
    280 280
    Age categorical
    Units: Subjects
        In utero
    0
        Preterm newborn infants (gestational age < 37 wks)
    0
        Newborns (0-27 days)
    0
        Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    0
        Children (2-11 years)
    0
        Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0
        Adults (18-64 years)
    0
        From 65-84 years
    0
        85 years and over
    0
    Age continuous
    Age in years at randomization.
    Units: years
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    24.4 ± 5.1 -
    Gender categorical
    Units: Subjects
        Female
    98 98
        Male
    182 182
    Subject analysis sets

    Subject analysis set title
    Subject analysis set: ITT
    Subject analysis set type
    Intention-to-treat
    Subject analysis set description
    Following the intention-to-treat (ITT) principle, all randomized subjects were included in the analysis.

    Subject analysis sets values
    Subject analysis set: ITT
    Number of subjects
    280
    Age categorical
    Units: Subjects
        In utero
        Preterm newborn infants (gestational age < 37 wks)
        Newborns (0-27 days)
        Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
        Children (2-11 years)
        Adolescents (12-17 years)
        Adults (18-64 years)
        From 65-84 years
        85 years and over
    Age continuous
    Age in years at randomization.
    Units: years
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    24.4 ± 5,1
    Gender categorical
    Units: Subjects
        Female
    98
        Male
    182

    End points

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    End points reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Clinical management (CM) and aripiprazole (ARI)
    Reporting group description
    Clinical management and low dose of aripiprazole.

    Reporting group title
    Clinical management (CM) and placebo (PL)
    Reporting group description
    Clinical management and placebo. The placebo was matching aripiprazole.

    Reporting group title
    Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
    Reporting group description
    Cognitive behavioral therapy adapted to the needs of individuals at clinical high risk for first-episode psychosis as detailed by a manual developed by Bechdolf et al.

    Subject analysis set title
    Subject analysis set: ITT
    Subject analysis set type
    Intention-to-treat
    Subject analysis set description
    Following the intention-to-treat (ITT) principle, all randomized subjects were included in the analysis.

    Primary: Transition to psychosis

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    End point title
    Transition to psychosis [1]
    End point description
    Transition to psychosis at 12 months defined as one or more of the five positive scales of the Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms (SIPS) and its companion Scale of Prodromal Symptoms (SOPS), rated with a score of 6 and lasting longer than seven days, is reported as the primary outcome.
    End point type
    Primary
    End point timeframe
    The primary endpoint was assessed by blinded raters at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 28, 36, 44, and 52.
    Notes
    [1] - The end point is not reporting statistics for all the arms in the baseline period. It is expected all the baseline period arms will be reported on when providing values for an end point on the baseline period.
    Justification: We present the pairwise comparisons.
    End point values
    Clinical management (CM) and aripiprazole (ARI) Clinical management (CM) and placebo (PL) Subject analysis set: ITT
    Number of subjects analysed
    96
    55
    280
    Units: Transitions
    19
    7
    151
    Statistical analysis title
    CM+ARI vs. CM+PL
    Statistical analysis description
    Clinical management plus aripiprazole (CM+ARI) compared to clinical management plus placebo (CM+PLC). SIPS-P at baseline as covariate.
    Comparison groups
    Clinical management (CM) and aripiprazole (ARI) v Clinical management (CM) and placebo (PL) v Subject analysis set: ITT
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    431
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.049
    Method
    Regression, Cox
    Parameter type
    Log hazard ratio
    Point estimate
    2.6
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    1
         upper limit
    6.7
    Variability estimate
    Standard error of the mean
    Dispersion value
    0.49

    Primary: Transition to psychosis

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    End point title
    Transition to psychosis [2]
    End point description
    Transition to psychosis at 12 months defined as one or more of the five positive scales of the Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms (SIPS) and its companion Scale of Prodromal Symptoms (SOPS), rated with a score of 6 and lasting longer than seven days, is reported as the primary outcome.
    End point type
    Primary
    End point timeframe
    The primary endpoint was assessed by blinded raters at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 28, 36, 44, and 52.
    Notes
    [2] - The end point is not reporting statistics for all the arms in the baseline period. It is expected all the baseline period arms will be reported on when providing values for an end point on the baseline period.
    Justification: We present the pairwise comparisons.
    End point values
    Clinical management (CM) and placebo (PL) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Subject analysis set: ITT
    Number of subjects analysed
    55
    129
    184
    Units: Transitions
    7
    21
    184
    Statistical analysis title
    CBT vs. CM+PL
    Statistical analysis description
    Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) compared to clinical management plus placebo (CM+PLC).
    Comparison groups
    Clinical management (CM) and placebo (PL) v Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    184
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.464
    Method
    Regression, Cox
    Parameter type
    Hazard ratio (HR)
    Point estimate
    1.42
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.55
         upper limit
    3.7
    Variability estimate
    Standard error of the mean
    Dispersion value
    0.482

    Primary: Transition to psychosis

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    End point title
    Transition to psychosis [3]
    End point description
    Transition to psychosis at 12 months defined as one or more of the five positive scales of the Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms (SIPS) and its companion Scale of Prodromal Symptoms (SOPS), rated with a score of 6 and lasting longer than seven days, is reported as the primary outcome.
    End point type
    Primary
    End point timeframe
    The primary endpoint was assessed by blinded raters at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 28, 36, 44, and 52.
    Notes
    [3] - The end point is not reporting statistics for all the arms in the baseline period. It is expected all the baseline period arms will be reported on when providing values for an end point on the baseline period.
    Justification: We present the pairwise comparisons.
    End point values
    Clinical management (CM) and aripiprazole (ARI) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Subject analysis set: ITT
    Number of subjects analysed
    96
    129
    225 [4]
    Units: Transitions
    19
    21
    225
    Notes
    [4] - We present the pairwise comparisons
    Statistical analysis title
    CBT vs. CM+ARI
    Statistical analysis description
    Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) compared to Clinical management plus aripiprazole (CM+ARI). SIPS-P at baseline as covariate.
    Comparison groups
    Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) v Clinical management (CM) and aripiprazole (ARI)
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    225
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    non-inferiority
    P-value
    = 0.065
    Method
    Regression, Cox
    Parameter type
    Hazard ratio (HR)
    Point estimate
    0.548
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.29
         upper limit
    1.03
    Variability estimate
    Standard error of the mean
    Dispersion value
    0.326

    Adverse events

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    Adverse events information
    Timeframe for reporting adverse events
    During the trial and the following 30 days (04.2008 to 11.2014)
    Assessment type
    Systematic
    Dictionary used for adverse event reporting
    Dictionary name
    non
    Dictionary version
    0
    Reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Clinical management (CM) and aripiprazole (ARI)
    Reporting group description
    CM was provided in addition to ARI or PLC and comprised a maximum of 21 sessions in the treatment phase of 52 weeks: weekly in the first four weeks, biweekly in the next 20 weeks and every fourth week over the following 28 weeks. The initial session lasted up to 60 minutes; the following sessions ranged from 20 to 30 minutes. The initial dose of Aripiprazole (ARI) was 2 mg in the first week, 2-5 mg in the second week, and 2-10 mg in the third week, which could be dosed to a maximum of 15 mg thereafter. In accordance with the literature on people at risk, the overall dose range is lower (from 5 to 15 milligrams per day) as compared to first episode psychosis patients.

    Reporting group title
    Clinical management (CM) and placebo (PL)
    Reporting group description
    CM was provided in addition to ARI or PLC and comprised a maximum of 21 sessions in the treatment phase of 52 weeks: weekly in the first four weeks, biweekly in the next 20 weeks and every fourth week over the following 28 weeks. The initial session lasted up to 60 minutes; the following sessions ranged from 20 to 30 minutes. Aripiprazole matching placebo.

    Reporting group title
    Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
    Reporting group description
    CBT included a total maximum of 30 individual sessions up to 50 minutes in 12 months. CBT started with weekly appointments for the first four months, fortnightly over the next six months and monthly over the last two months. However, the frequency and duration of the sessions were flexible depending on the arrangement made between the individual clients and the therapists as well as on the mental state of individual clients. CBT was provided by a manual developed by Bechdolf et al.

    Serious adverse events
    Clinical management (CM) and aripiprazole (ARI) Clinical management (CM) and placebo (PL) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
    Total subjects affected by serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    9 / 75 (12.00%)
    0 / 43 (0.00%)
    7 / 117 (5.98%)
         number of deaths (all causes)
    0
    0
    0
         number of deaths resulting from adverse events
    0
    0
    0
    Injury, poisoning and procedural complications
    Leg fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 75 (0.00%)
    0 / 43 (0.00%)
    1 / 117 (0.85%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Vascular disorders
    Hypertension
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 75 (1.33%)
    0 / 43 (0.00%)
    0 / 117 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cardiac disorders
    myocardial infarction
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 75 (0.00%)
    0 / 43 (0.00%)
    1 / 117 (0.85%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Nervous system disorders
    Epileptic seizure
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 75 (0.00%)
    0 / 43 (0.00%)
    1 / 117 (0.85%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    abnormal EEG
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 75 (1.33%)
    0 / 43 (0.00%)
    0 / 117 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Ear and labyrinth disorders
    Orthostatic dysregulation
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 75 (0.00%)
    0 / 43 (0.00%)
    1 / 117 (0.85%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Tinnitus
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 75 (1.33%)
    0 / 43 (0.00%)
    0 / 117 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Psychiatric disorders
    Suicidal ideation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 75 (1.33%)
    0 / 43 (0.00%)
    3 / 117 (2.56%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Depressed mood
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 75 (1.33%)
    0 / 43 (0.00%)
    0 / 117 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Anxiety
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 75 (1.33%)
    0 / 43 (0.00%)
    0 / 117 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Inner restlessness
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 75 (1.33%)
    0 / 43 (0.00%)
    0 / 117 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Aggressive behavoir
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 75 (1.33%)
    0 / 43 (0.00%)
    0 / 117 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Self harm
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 75 (1.33%)
    0 / 43 (0.00%)
    0 / 117 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Infections and infestations
    Digit inflammation
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 75 (0.00%)
    0 / 43 (0.00%)
    1 / 117 (0.85%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Abscess incision
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 75 (1.33%)
    0 / 43 (0.00%)
    0 / 117 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Frequency threshold for reporting non-serious adverse events: 0%
    Non-serious adverse events
    Clinical management (CM) and aripiprazole (ARI) Clinical management (CM) and placebo (PL) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
    Total subjects affected by non serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    45 / 75 (60.00%)
    20 / 43 (46.51%)
    36 / 117 (30.77%)
    Injury, poisoning and procedural complications
    Injuries
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 75 (1.33%)
    2 / 43 (4.65%)
    2 / 117 (1.71%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    2
    2
    Vascular disorders
    Hypertension
         subjects affected / exposed
    4 / 75 (5.33%)
    1 / 43 (2.33%)
    1 / 117 (0.85%)
         occurrences all number
    12
    1
    1
    Cardiac disorders
    Tachycardia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 75 (1.33%)
    0 / 43 (0.00%)
    2 / 117 (1.71%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    3
    Nervous system disorders
    Inner restlessness
         subjects affected / exposed
    16 / 75 (21.33%)
    2 / 43 (4.65%)
    2 / 117 (1.71%)
         occurrences all number
    21
    4
    2
    Motor disturbances (Rigor, Tremor, Extrapyramidal syndrome , Dyskinesia)
         subjects affected / exposed
    9 / 75 (12.00%)
    1 / 43 (2.33%)
    0 / 117 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    34
    1
    0
    Daytime sleepiness
         subjects affected / exposed
    6 / 75 (8.00%)
    0 / 43 (0.00%)
    0 / 117 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    8
    0
    0
    Sleep disorder
         subjects affected / exposed
    9 / 75 (12.00%)
    6 / 43 (13.95%)
    6 / 117 (5.13%)
         occurrences all number
    20
    7
    16
    Perspiration
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 75 (1.33%)
    0 / 43 (0.00%)
    1 / 117 (0.85%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    2
    Pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    13 / 75 (17.33%)
    2 / 43 (4.65%)
    9 / 117 (7.69%)
         occurrences all number
    19
    5
    76
    Blood and lymphatic system disorders
    Blood count other
         subjects affected / exposed
    7 / 75 (9.33%)
    6 / 43 (13.95%)
    7 / 117 (5.98%)
         occurrences all number
    16
    10
    7
    Ear and labyrinth disorders
    Orthostatic dysregulation
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 75 (4.00%)
    0 / 43 (0.00%)
    2 / 117 (1.71%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    0
    2
    Eye disorders
    Sight disorder
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 75 (4.00%)
    0 / 43 (0.00%)
    0 / 117 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    0
    0
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Gastrointestinal disorders
         subjects affected / exposed
    7 / 75 (9.33%)
    2 / 43 (4.65%)
    3 / 117 (2.56%)
         occurrences all number
    9
    2
    8
    Hepatobiliary disorders
    Elevated Liver Function Tests
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 75 (4.00%)
    5 / 43 (11.63%)
    1 / 117 (0.85%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    3
    1
    Psychiatric disorders
    Self-harm
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 75 (0.00%)
    0 / 43 (0.00%)
    3 / 117 (2.56%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    0
    4
    Suicidal ideation
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 75 (0.00%)
    0 / 43 (0.00%)
    1 / 117 (0.85%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    0
    1
    Depression
         subjects affected / exposed
    7 / 75 (9.33%)
    3 / 43 (6.98%)
    7 / 117 (5.98%)
         occurrences all number
    11
    6
    7
    Anxiety
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 75 (1.33%)
    2 / 43 (4.65%)
    0 / 117 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    2
    0
    Infections and infestations
    Mild infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    5 / 75 (6.67%)
    3 / 43 (6.98%)
    17 / 117 (14.53%)
         occurrences all number
    7
    4
    23
    Metabolism and nutrition disorders
    Elevated blood lipids
         subjects affected / exposed
    13 / 75 (17.33%)
    11 / 43 (25.58%)
    6 / 117 (5.13%)
         occurrences all number
    7
    4
    5

    More information

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    Substantial protocol amendments (globally)

    Were there any global substantial amendments to the protocol? Yes
    Date
    Amendment
    17 Oct 2007
    Amendment 01 approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Cologne: The ethics committee of the University of Cologne made the following conditions for the initial approval of the trial protocol: 1. Addition to the exclusion criteria: intended pregnancy during the study. 2. Cardiovascular diseases should be included in the exclusion criteria, as hypersensitivity to aripiprazole administration must be expected. 3. Exclusion criteria should be expanded to: The person concerned has not been committed to an institution by virtue of an order issued by judicial or administrative authorities. 4. The wording concerning the termination of the study in the case of suicide or SAEs should be clarified (e.g. by stating rates) or deleted, as this is already included under "safety reasons". 5. Correct that during the visits, not only adverse Reactions but also adverse events are documented. 6. Even if allergic reactions to placebo cannot be ruled out, they should not be considered "expected" but treated as SUSAR if necessary. 7. We assume that by and large patients will be in the normal range of laboratory parameters. Therefore, any change of these parameters outside of the norm or changes in vital signs, (ECG), and changes that are otherwise considered clinically relevant by the investigator should be documented as an adverse event. 8. On page 112, 'initials' should be deleted, since according to Section 4.6.6 a patient ID is assigned without initials, and the use of initials must be considered inadmissible under data protection law.
    02 Oct 2008
    Amendment 02, Protocol version 6.1 approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Cologne: Based on the experience gathered since the start of the PREVENT trial, the following changes were necessary to improve the feasibility of the study and increase its practicability. There was no change in the primary endpoints; the secondary endpoints were expanded. 1. Physical examinations (ECG and laboratory parameters) were reduced to improved feasibility. 2. Specifications of how blood samples are to be taken, processed and stored were added. 3. Inclusion of the additional secondary endpoint "neurotrophic factors and oxidative stress as an add on to the study.
    03 Nov 2011
    Amendment 03 Protocol version 8.0 approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Cologne: 1. Four additional centres were added to speed up recruitment. 2. Change of principal investigator in Düsseldorf was documented. 3. Inclusion criteria were revised from 40 to 49 years to accelerate recruitment. 4. Exclusion criteria were made more specific for better comprehensibility or were narrowed down in some points in order to include a larger group of patients (exclusion criterium: "current or past antipsychotic treatment for longer than 1 week: current or past antipsychotic treatment shorter than 1 week without a washout phase of at least 4 weeks "was changed to: "current or past antipsychotic treatment without a washout phase of at least 4 weeks. " 5. As the trial fell short of its recruitment goals, the time schedule was extended. 6. Contact details of principal investigators were updated. 7. Due to delays in the inclusion diagnostics, imaging (MRT) should be alternatively performed by CT. 8. The assessment frequency of the "Social Adjustment Scale" was reduced, since the scale refers to the period of the last three months on the one hand, and the survey dates were assessed as sufficient by the study director on the other.
    07 May 2014
    Amendment 04 Protocol version 3.0 approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Cologne: 1. The trial did not meet its recruitment milestones. Thus, the power calculation was revised. The number of subjects to be included was reduced from 380 to 300. 2. Declining event rates were reported by studies in the field. Thus the primary endpoint "transition to psychosis" was expanded to "progression to psychosis". 3. In order to improve recruitment, two recruiting centres were added to the study. 4. Contact details were updated.

    Interruptions (globally)

    Were there any global interruptions to the trial? No

    Limitations and caveats

    Limitations of the trial such as small numbers of subjects analysed or technical problems leading to unreliable data.
    None reported
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