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    Clinical Trial Results:
    A Phase 3, Multicenter, Open-Label, Randomized Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety of Technosphere® Insulin Inhalation Powder in Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetic Subjects with Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (Asthma or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) Over a 12-month Treatment Period with a 2-month Follow-up

    Summary
    EudraCT number
    2008-000564-16
    Trial protocol
    DE   SK   HU  
    Global end of trial date
    25 Nov 2014

    Results information
    Results version number
    v1(current)
    This version publication date
    16 Apr 2016
    First version publication date
    16 Apr 2016
    Other versions

    Trial information

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    Trial identification
    Sponsor protocol code
    MKC-TI-134
    Additional study identifiers
    ISRCTN number
    -
    US NCT number
    NCT00642616
    WHO universal trial number (UTN)
    -
    Sponsors
    Sponsor organisation name
    MannKind Corporation
    Sponsor organisation address
    61 S Paramus Rd Paramus, New Jersey, United States, 07652
    Public contact
    Vice President, Nikhil Amin, MannKind Corporation, 001 201983-5166, namin@mannkindcorp.com
    Scientific contact
    Vice President, Nikhil Amin, MannKind Corporation, 001 201983-5166, namin@mannkindcorp.com
    Paediatric regulatory details
    Is trial part of an agreed paediatric investigation plan (PIP)
    No
    Does article 45 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Does article 46 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Results analysis stage
    Analysis stage
    Final
    Date of interim/final analysis
    18 May 2015
    Is this the analysis of the primary completion data?
    No
    Global end of trial reached?
    Yes
    Global end of trial date
    25 Nov 2014
    Was the trial ended prematurely?
    Yes
    General information about the trial
    Main objective of the trial
    To examine the effects of prandially inhaled Technosphere® Insulin (TI) Inhalation Powder in combination with an antidiabetic regimen of insulin and/or oral antidiabetic agents (TI Inhalation Powder group) versus antidiabetic treatment without TI Inhalation Powder (Usual Care [UC] group) on lung function and pulmonary safety in type 1 or type 2 diabetic, currently non smoking subjects with asthma or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease (COPD).
    Protection of trial subjects
    Subjects were fully informed of all pertinent aspects of the clinical trial as well as the possibility to discontinue at any time in language and terms appropriate for the subject and in consideration of the local culture. The nature of the trial in which the subject will be/is participating, contact details and any information needed in the event of a medical emergency was provided to the subject. Collected personal data and human biological samples were processed in compliance with ICH E6 4.8.10-11 ensuring that those involved with the conduct of this study abide by the laws governing personal data protection in force in all countries in which it operates.
    Background therapy
    -
    Evidence for comparator
    -
    Actual start date of recruitment
    11 Mar 2009
    Long term follow-up planned
    No
    Independent data monitoring committee (IDMC) involvement?
    Yes
    Population of trial subjects
    Number of subjects enrolled per country
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Russian Federation: 13
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Ukraine: 2
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    United States: 19
    Worldwide total number of subjects
    34
    EEA total number of subjects
    0
    Number of subjects enrolled per age group
    In utero
    0
    Preterm newborn - gestational age < 37 wk
    0
    Newborns (0-27 days)
    0
    Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    0
    Children (2-11 years)
    0
    Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0
    Adults (18-64 years)
    14
    From 65 to 84 years
    20
    85 years and over
    0

    Subject disposition

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    Recruitment
    Recruitment details
    A total of 517 subjects were screened in 5 countries. First subject was screened in March 2009.

    Pre-assignment
    Screening details
    2 week screening period followed by a 2 week run-in period. After the screening period, 51 subjects were randomized and 34 subjects met eligibility criteria after the 2 week run-in period and were treated. Study was terminated based on data safety monitoring board recommendations.

    Period 1
    Period 1 title
    Overall Study (overall period)
    Is this the baseline period?
    Yes
    Allocation method
    Not applicable
    Blinding used
    Not blinded

    Arms
    Are arms mutually exclusive
    Yes

    Arm title
    Technosphere® Insulin (Asthma)
    Arm description
    Technosphere® Insulin Inhalation Powder in combination with an antidiabetic regimen in diabetic subjects with Asthma
    Arm type
    Experimental

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Technosphere® Insulin
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Afrezza®
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Inhalation powder
    Routes of administration
    Inhalation use
    Dosage and administration details
    Technosphere® Insulin delivered with Gen 2 inhaler with doses individualized for each subject in combination with an antidiabetic regimen of insulin and/or oral antidiabetic agents.

    Arm title
    Usual Care (Asthma)
    Arm description
    Usual antidiabetic care in diabetic subjects with Asthma
    Arm type
    Active comparator

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Usual Care
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Solution for injection, Tablet
    Routes of administration
    Oral use, Subcutaneous use
    Dosage and administration details
    Type 1 diabetics: long-acting (basal) insulin plus rapid-acting insulin, or pre-mix insulin Type 2 diabetics: oral antidiabetic medications with or without long-acting (basal) insulin.

    Arm title
    Technosphere® Insulin (COPD)
    Arm description
    Technosphere® Insulin Inhalation Powder in combination with an antidiabetic regimen in diabetic subjects with COPD
    Arm type
    Experimental

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Technosphere® Insulin
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Afrezza®
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Inhalation powder
    Routes of administration
    Inhalation use
    Dosage and administration details
    Technosphere® Insulin delivered with Gen 2 inhaler with doses individualized for each subject in combination with an antidiabetic regimen of insulin and/or oral antidiabetic agents.

    Arm title
    Usual Care (COPD)
    Arm description
    Usual antidiabetic care in diabetic subjects with COPD
    Arm type
    Active comparator

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Usual Care
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Solution for injection, Tablet
    Routes of administration
    Oral use, Subcutaneous use
    Dosage and administration details
    Type 1 diabetics: long-acting (basal) insulin plus rapid-acting insulin, or pre-mix insulin Type 2 diabetics: oral antidiabetic medications with or without long-acting (basal) insulin.

    Number of subjects in period 1
    Technosphere® Insulin (Asthma) Usual Care (Asthma) Technosphere® Insulin (COPD) Usual Care (COPD)
    Started
    9
    8
    9
    8
    Completed
    0
    1
    0
    1
    Not completed
    9
    7
    9
    7
         Physician decision
    -
    -
    1
    1
         Adverse Event
    2
    -
    1
    -
         Withdrawal by Subject
    -
    1
    1
    1
         Protocol Violation
    -
    -
    2
    -
         Study Terminated by Sponsor
    7
    6
    4
    5

    Baseline characteristics

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    Baseline characteristics reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Technosphere® Insulin (Asthma)
    Reporting group description
    Technosphere® Insulin Inhalation Powder in combination with an antidiabetic regimen in diabetic subjects with Asthma

    Reporting group title
    Usual Care (Asthma)
    Reporting group description
    Usual antidiabetic care in diabetic subjects with Asthma

    Reporting group title
    Technosphere® Insulin (COPD)
    Reporting group description
    Technosphere® Insulin Inhalation Powder in combination with an antidiabetic regimen in diabetic subjects with COPD

    Reporting group title
    Usual Care (COPD)
    Reporting group description
    Usual antidiabetic care in diabetic subjects with COPD

    Reporting group values
    Technosphere® Insulin (Asthma) Usual Care (Asthma) Technosphere® Insulin (COPD) Usual Care (COPD) Total
    Number of subjects
    9 8 9 8 34
    Age categorical
    Units: Subjects
    Age continuous
    Units: years
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    69 ( 7.26 ) 49.75 ( 15.73 ) 67.44 ( 8.38 ) 68.88 ( 8.2 ) -
    Gender categorical
    Units: Subjects
        Female
    6 4 2 1 13
        Male
    3 4 7 7 21

    End points

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    End points reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Technosphere® Insulin (Asthma)
    Reporting group description
    Technosphere® Insulin Inhalation Powder in combination with an antidiabetic regimen in diabetic subjects with Asthma

    Reporting group title
    Usual Care (Asthma)
    Reporting group description
    Usual antidiabetic care in diabetic subjects with Asthma

    Reporting group title
    Technosphere® Insulin (COPD)
    Reporting group description
    Technosphere® Insulin Inhalation Powder in combination with an antidiabetic regimen in diabetic subjects with COPD

    Reporting group title
    Usual Care (COPD)
    Reporting group description
    Usual antidiabetic care in diabetic subjects with COPD

    Primary: Change in Post-bronchodilator Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1) From Baseline to Week 52

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    End point title
    Change in Post-bronchodilator Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1) From Baseline to Week 52 [1]
    End point description
    Post-bronchodilator FEV1 was measured at the pulmonary function laboratory. Only two subjects completed both time points [one in the Usual Care (Asthma) Arm and one in the Usual Care (COPD) Arm].
    End point type
    Primary
    End point timeframe
    52 Weeks
    Notes
    [1] - No statistical analyses have been specified for this primary end point. It is expected there is at least one statistical analysis for each primary end point.
    Justification: The statistical analyses was not done as no subject was analyzed.
    End point values
    Technosphere® Insulin (Asthma) Usual Care (Asthma) Technosphere® Insulin (COPD) Usual Care (COPD)
    Number of subjects analysed
    0 [2]
    0 [3]
    0 [4]
    0 [5]
    Units: Subjects
    Notes
    [2] - Data is not provided due to privacy concerns.
    [3] - Data is not provided due to privacy concerns.
    [4] - Data is not provided due to privacy concerns.
    [5] - Data is not provided due to privacy concerns.
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Number of Subjects With Asthma Exacerbation by Treatment Arm

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    End point title
    Number of Subjects With Asthma Exacerbation by Treatment Arm [6]
    End point description
    Number of subjects who experienced worsening of asthma symptoms. Safety population: subjects who received at least one dose of study medication.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Baseline to Week 52
    Notes
    [6] - The end point is not reporting statistics for all the arms in the baseline period. It is expected all the baseline period arms will be reported on when providing values for an end point on the baseline period.
    Justification: The endpoint applies only to subjects with underlying Asthma.
    End point values
    Technosphere® Insulin (Asthma) Usual Care (Asthma)
    Number of subjects analysed
    9
    8
    Units: Subjects
    number (not applicable)
        Exacerbation of Asthma
    1
    1
        No Exacerbation of Asthma
    8
    7
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Number of Subjects With COPD Exacerbation by Treatment Arm

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    End point title
    Number of Subjects With COPD Exacerbation by Treatment Arm [7]
    End point description
    Number of subjects who experienced worsening of COPD symptoms. Safety population: subjects who received at least one dose of study medication. The outcome applies only to subjects with underlying COPD.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Baseline to Week 52
    Notes
    [7] - The end point is not reporting statistics for all the arms in the baseline period. It is expected all the baseline period arms will be reported on when providing values for an end point on the baseline period.
    Justification: The endpoint applies only to subjects with underlying COPD.
    End point values
    Technosphere® Insulin (COPD) Usual Care (COPD)
    Number of subjects analysed
    9
    8
    Units: subjects
    number (not applicable)
        COPD Exacerbation
    3
    1
        No Exacerbation
    6
    7
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Change in Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1C) From Baseline to Week 52

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    End point title
    Change in Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1C) From Baseline to Week 52
    End point description
    Only two subjects completed both time points [one in the Usual Care (Asthma) Arm and one in the Usual Care (COPD) Arm].
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Baseline, Week 52
    End point values
    Technosphere® Insulin (Asthma) Usual Care (Asthma) Technosphere® Insulin (COPD) Usual Care (COPD)
    Number of subjects analysed
    0 [8]
    0 [9]
    0 [10]
    0 [11]
    Units: Subjects
    Notes
    [8] - Data is not provided due to privacy concerns.
    [9] - Data is not provided due to privacy concerns.
    [10] - Data is not provided due to privacy concerns.
    [11] - Data is not provided due to privacy concerns.
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Adverse events

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    Adverse events information
    Timeframe for reporting adverse events
    All Adverse Events (AE) were collected from signature of the informed consent form up to 30 days after the last study visit or study related procedure was performed regardless of seriousness or relationship to investigational product.
    Adverse event reporting additional description
    Analysis was done on safety population.
    Assessment type
    Systematic
    Dictionary used for adverse event reporting
    Dictionary name
    MedDRA
    Dictionary version
    15.1
    Reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Technosphere® Insulin (Asthma)
    Reporting group description
    Technosphere® Insulin Inhalation Powder in combination with an antidiabetic regimen in diabetic subjects with Asthma.

    Reporting group title
    Usual Care With Anti-diabetic Agents (Asthma)
    Reporting group description
    Usual antidiabetic care in diabetic subjects with Asthma.

    Reporting group title
    Technosphere® Insulin (COPD)
    Reporting group description
    Technosphere® Insulin Inhalation Powder in combination with an antidiabetic regimen in diabetic subjects with COPD.

    Reporting group title
    Usual Care With Anti-diabetic Agents (COPD)
    Reporting group description
    Usual antidiabetic care in diabetic subjects with COPD.

    Serious adverse events
    Technosphere® Insulin (Asthma) Usual Care With Anti-diabetic Agents (Asthma) Technosphere® Insulin (COPD) Usual Care With Anti-diabetic Agents (COPD)
    Total subjects affected by serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 9 (22.22%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         number of deaths (all causes)
    0
    0
    0
    0
         number of deaths resulting from adverse events
    Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps)
    B-Cell Lymphoma
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 9 (11.11%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Intestinal Obstruction
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 9 (11.11%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    Asthma
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 9 (11.11%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Metabolism and nutrition disorders
    Hypercalcaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 9 (11.11%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hypoglycaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 9 (11.11%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Frequency threshold for reporting non-serious adverse events: 0%
    Non-serious adverse events
    Technosphere® Insulin (Asthma) Usual Care With Anti-diabetic Agents (Asthma) Technosphere® Insulin (COPD) Usual Care With Anti-diabetic Agents (COPD)
    Total subjects affected by non serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    8 / 9 (88.89%)
    7 / 8 (87.50%)
    4 / 9 (44.44%)
    6 / 8 (75.00%)
    Investigations
    Monocyte Count Increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    1 / 9 (11.11%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    0
    1
    0
    Pulmonary Function Test Decreased
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    1 / 8 (12.50%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    0
    0
    Vascular disorders
    Hot Flush
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    1 / 8 (12.50%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    0
    0
    Venous Insufficiency
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    1 / 8 (12.50%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    0
    0
    1
    Blood and lymphatic system disorders
    Lymphadenopathy
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 9 (11.11%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    0
    0
    General disorders and administration site conditions
    Asthenia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    1 / 8 (12.50%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    2
    0
    0
    Chest Discomfort
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    1 / 9 (11.11%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    0
    1
    0
    Influenza Like Illness
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 9 (11.11%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    0
    0
    Oedema Peripheral
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    1 / 8 (12.50%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    0
    0
    1
    Immune system disorders
    Seasonal Allergy
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    1 / 8 (12.50%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    0
    0
    1
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Abdominal Pain Upper
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 9 (11.11%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    0
    0
    Diarrhoea
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    1 / 9 (11.11%)
    1 / 8 (12.50%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    0
    1
    1
    Nausea
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 9 (11.11%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    0
    0
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    Asthma
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    1 / 8 (12.50%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    0
    0
    Bronchial Obstruction
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    1 / 8 (12.50%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    0
    0
    1
    Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    3 / 9 (33.33%)
    1 / 8 (12.50%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    0
    3
    1
    Cough
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 9 (11.11%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    2 / 9 (22.22%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    2
    0
    Dyspnoea
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    1 / 8 (12.50%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    0
    0
    1
    Hypoventilation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 9 (11.11%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    0
    0
    Oropharyngeal Spasm
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 9 (11.11%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    0
    0
    Productive Cough
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    1 / 9 (11.11%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    0
    1
    0
    Rhinitis Allergic
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 9 (11.11%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    0
    0
    Wheezing
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    1 / 8 (12.50%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    0
    0
    1
    Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
    Ecchymosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    1 / 8 (12.50%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    0
    0
    1
    Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
    Muscle Spasms
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 9 (11.11%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    0
    0
    Infections and infestations
    Bronchitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 9 (22.22%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    0
    0
    Herpes Zoster
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    1 / 8 (12.50%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    0
    0
    1
    Influenza
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 9 (11.11%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    0
    0
    Nasopharyngitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    1 / 8 (12.50%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    1 / 8 (12.50%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    0
    1
    Pharyngitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    1 / 8 (12.50%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    0
    0
    Pyelonephritis Chronic
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    1 / 8 (12.50%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    0
    0
    Respiratory Tract Infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 9 (11.11%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    0
    0
    Respiratory Tract Infection Viral
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 9 (11.11%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    0
    0
    Sinusitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    1 / 8 (12.50%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    0
    0
    1
    Staphylococcal Infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    1 / 8 (12.50%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    0
    0
    1
    Tracheitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    1 / 8 (12.50%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    0
    0
    Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    1 / 8 (12.50%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    0
    0
    Urinary Tract Infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    2 / 8 (25.00%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    2
    0
    0
    Viral Infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    1 / 8 (12.50%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    0
    0
    Metabolism and nutrition disorders
    Diabetes Mellitus
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    1 / 8 (12.50%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    0
    0
    Diabetes Mellitus Inadequate Control
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 9 (11.11%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    0
    0
    Dyslipidaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    1 / 8 (12.50%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    0
    0
    Hypertriglyceridaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    1 / 8 (12.50%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    0
    0
    Hyperuricaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    1 / 8 (12.50%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    0
    0
    1
    Hypoglycaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 9 (22.22%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
    1 / 9 (11.11%)
    3 / 8 (37.50%)
         occurrences all number
    20
    0
    2
    59
    Obesity
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    1 / 8 (12.50%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    2
    0
    0
    Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    1 / 8 (12.50%)
    0 / 9 (0.00%)
    0 / 8 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    0
    0

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    Substantial protocol amendments (globally)

    Were there any global substantial amendments to the protocol? Yes
    Date
    Amendment
    13 May 2008
    Following changes were made: • Schedules for visits throughout the study were clarified. • Assessments at early termination were same as those being done at visit 10. • Specifics of spirometry to be done in each treatment group were clarified.
    14 Jan 2009
    • Interdeterminate lung disease group was replaced to COPD and asthma as per the recommendations of Food and Drug Administration (FDA). • Sample size was increased to accommodate 2 treatment groups within each disease state due to projected drop-out of 35%. • Spirometry at the site would be done only to evaluate acute effects of TI inhalation powder, pre and post TI inhalation powder administration. • 30 minutes post TI inhalation powder administration time point and visit 3 assessment were added in FEV1 assessment. • HbA1c changed from visit 2 to visit 1. • Pulmonary AEs (other than cough and pulmonary exacerbations) were presented with all other AEs. • Eligibility criteria was modified as per the recommendations of FDA. • Changes in “Analysis of primary endpoint” was done to perform analysis separately within each disease state of COPD and asthma. • Analysis and endpoints were clarified. • Diabetic education would be performed by the site as part of routine care. • Addition of X-ray exclusion in exclusion criteria. • Clarification of exacerbation and use of corticosteroids and antibiotics for a respiratory Infection. • Elimination of urine cotinine test at Visits 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 11. • Clarification of pulmonary function tests (PFT) testing and reporting procedures. • Hypoglycemia as Serious adverse event was clarified. • Imputation methods were clarified as LOCF.
    03 Sep 2009
    • 3-month follow-up period was changed to 2-month follow-up period. • 2-week period between the screening visit and the baseline visit was changed to 3-week to establish personal best peak expiratory flow over a 2-week period prior to initiation of the trial drugs. • Technosphere® Inhalation Powder was deleted as an IMP from the protocol. • Introduction section was updated to incorporate updated TI inhalation powder information. • Text of secondary objectives was modified to be more specific. • Trial diagram was modified to reflect new trial design. • Study population selection and other related information were modified to reflect new trial design. • Inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria were modified to reflect the correct inclusion criteria. • Trial stopping rules were added as per the recommendations of FDA. • Subjects received an electronic peak expiratory flow (PEF) meter and trained on proper usage at the clinic site. It was used to accurately measure daily morning and evening peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR). • PreprandiaL capillary plasma glucose was changed to 70-130 mg/dL (3.9-7.2 mmol/L) as per the 2009 American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommendations. • Dosing guidelines were updated as per the updated TI inhalation powder information.
    07 Sep 2010
    • Introduction section was updated as per the updated TI inhalation powder information. • Device description, study drug packaging, packaging and labeling etc. was revised to reflect the to-be-marketed inhaler. • TI inhalation powder cartridges in film/foil should be stored in refrigerated (at 2°C to 8°C or 36°F to 46°F for long term storage. • Definition of Serious adverse event, hypoglycemia and cough were updated. • Trial activities were revised for clarity. • Data collection, database quality assurance, recording of data etc. were revised to reflect that remote data capture would be used for the trail. • Schedule of PFTs were revised to reflect the actual sequence of testing done at the PFT laboratory.
    15 Jul 2013
    • 2-week screening period was amended to allow sufficient time to complete all screening procedures. • “PEF” was changed to “PEFR” for better clarity. • Time and events schedule were revised for better clarity. • Range of Body mass index (BMI) and HbA1c and other parameters in inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria were revised to study a broader study population and for clarification. • All primary and secondary analysis were planned to be conducted using mixed model repeated measure (MMRM) approach. • List of inhaled short-acting beta-agonists was updated based on more recently approved medications available for the treatment of asthma and COPD. • Definitions of pulmonary exacerbation, AEs, hypoglycemia, cough etc. were revised based on current CDISC definitions and clarifications. • Removal of subjects from the trial or study drug, rules for stopping the trial were revised to streamline reporting process. • Efficacy analysis would be done using MMRM analysis on full analysis set (FAS) population. • Dosing guidelines for study drug was revised for clarification on TI dose initiation and instructions for dose adjustments. • Schedule of lung diffusion testing was corrected.
    13 Aug 2013
    • Time and events schedule were revised to provide greater clarity. • Range of BMI and HbA1c and other parameters of inclusion criteria and some parameters in exclusion criteria were revised to study a broader study population and for clarification. • List of inhaled short-acting beta-agonists was updated based on more recently approved medications available for the treatment of asthma and COPD. • Definitions of pulmonary exacerbation, AEs, hypoglycemia, cough etc. were revised based on current CDISC definitions and clarifications. • Removal of subjects from the trial or study drug, rules for stopping the trial were revised to streamline reporting process. • Definition of intent-to-treat (ITT) population was replaced with FAS population that allowed the MMRM analysis to utilize all randomized subjects even when baseline or post baseline data was missing. • Efficacy analysis would be done using MMRM analysis on FAS population.

    Interruptions (globally)

    Were there any global interruptions to the trial? No

    Limitations and caveats

    Limitations of the trial such as small numbers of subjects analysed or technical problems leading to unreliable data.
    Early termination of trial leading to small numbers of subjects analyzed
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