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    Clinical Trial Results:
    An evaluation of the effect of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor on the growth rate of small abdominal aortic aneurysms

    Summary
    EudraCT number
    2010-020226-17
    Trial protocol
    GB  
    Global end of trial date
    01 Apr 2015

    Results information
    Results version number
    v1(current)
    This version publication date
    15 May 2016
    First version publication date
    15 May 2016
    Other versions

    Trial information

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    Trial identification
    Sponsor protocol code
    CRO 1644
    Additional study identifiers
    ISRCTN number
    ISRCTN51383267
    US NCT number
    NCT01118520
    WHO universal trial number (UTN)
    -
    Sponsors
    Sponsor organisation name
    Imperial College London
    Sponsor organisation address
    South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2AZ
    Public contact
    Professor Neil Poulter , Imperial College London, +44 (0)20 7594 3446, n.poulter@imperial.ac.uk
    Scientific contact
    Professor Neil Poulter , Imperial College London, +44 (0)20 7594 3446, n.poulter@imperial.ac.uk
    Paediatric regulatory details
    Is trial part of an agreed paediatric investigation plan (PIP)
    No
    Does article 45 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Does article 46 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Results analysis stage
    Analysis stage
    Final
    Date of interim/final analysis
    01 Apr 2015
    Is this the analysis of the primary completion data?
    Yes
    Primary completion date
    01 Apr 2015
    Global end of trial reached?
    Yes
    Global end of trial date
    01 Apr 2015
    Was the trial ended prematurely?
    No
    General information about the trial
    Main objective of the trial
    Primary objective: To investigate the hypothesis that an ACEI-I perindopril reduces growth rate of small AAAs in a three-arm randomised placebo-controlled trial. Secondary objectives: To evaluate any blood pressure independent effects of perindopril on the growth rate of small AAAs. To determine differences in AAA rupture rate and/or time taken to reach 5.5cm among the three randomised groups. To evaluate how well perindopril is tolerated as measured by compliance, adverse events and quality of life. To compare the repeatability of measurements of internal and external small AAA diameters.
    Protection of trial subjects
    N/A
    Background therapy
    N/A
    Evidence for comparator
    Animal studies have suggested a potential role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in AAA formation and growth. A case-control study on a group of over 15000 patients with an AAA, reported that patients who had previously received an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-I) but not other antihypertensive agents were 20% less likely to present with ruptured aneurysm. Conversely, post-hoc analysis from both the UK Small Aneurysm Trial and the PHAST trial failed to show that ACE-I slow aneurysm growth. Given the, albeit inconsistent, observational evidence that RAS-blockade might restrict AAA progression or lead to a decrease in the risk of rupture, the AARDVARK (Aortic Aneurysmal Regression of Dilation: Value of ACE-Inhibition on RisK) trial was designed.
    Actual start date of recruitment
    05 Sep 2011
    Long term follow-up planned
    No
    Independent data monitoring committee (IDMC) involvement?
    Yes
    Population of trial subjects
    Number of subjects enrolled per country
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    United Kingdom: 224
    Worldwide total number of subjects
    224
    EEA total number of subjects
    224
    Number of subjects enrolled per age group
    In utero
    0
    Preterm newborn - gestational age < 37 wk
    0
    Newborns (0-27 days)
    0
    Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    0
    Children (2-11 years)
    0
    Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0
    Adults (18-64 years)
    30
    From 65 to 84 years
    182
    85 years and over
    12

    Subject disposition

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    Recruitment
    Recruitment details
    Participants were recruited from 14 sites across England and six patient identification centres that referred potential participants to the associated research site for trial recruitment. Between 16th December 2011 and 19th April 2013, 224 patients were correctly randomised to the trial.

    Pre-assignment
    Screening details
    Trial eligibility was assessed at a screening visit at which demographic information, past medical history and current medication history was recorded. The most recent AAA ultrasound measurements were reviewed and written informed consent was obtained. Thereafter BP recordings and blood samples for creatinine and electrolytes were recorded.

    Pre-assignment period milestones
    Number of subjects started
    224
    Number of subjects completed

    Period 1
    Period 1 title
    Overall Trial (overall period)
    Is this the baseline period?
    Yes
    Allocation method
    Randomised - controlled
    Blinding used
    Single blind [1]
    Roles blinded
    Subject, Investigator
    Blinding implementation details
    The trial was classified as single blind since the three tablets prescribed were not identical in appearance. Drugs were dispensed in identical opaque bottles and whilst technically patients could have investigated the composition of their prescribed trial drug, neither patients, ultrasonographers nor site investigators were aware of which tablets had been prescribed to each patient.

    Arms
    Are arms mutually exclusive
    Yes

    Arm title
    Perindopril
    Arm description
    Perindopril
    Arm type
    Experimental

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Perindopril arginine
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Perindopril
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Tablet
    Routes of administration
    Oral use
    Dosage and administration details
    Perindopril (10mgs arginine salt). One tablet at the same time each day.

    Arm title
    Amlodipine
    Arm description
    Amlodipine 5mg
    Arm type
    Active comparator

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Amlodipine
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Amlodipine
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Tablet
    Routes of administration
    Oral use
    Dosage and administration details
    Amlodipine 5mg. 1 tablet at the same time each day.

    Arm title
    Placebo
    Arm description
    Placebo
    Arm type
    Placebo

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Placebo
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Placebo
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Tablet
    Routes of administration
    Oral use
    Dosage and administration details
    Oral. At the same time each day.

    Notes
    [1] - The number of roles blinded appears inconsistent with a single blinded trial. It is expected that there will be one role blinded in a single blind trial.
    Justification: All the trial was single blind (the tablets were not over-encapsulated), in practice the trial was double-blind because neither the investigator or the patient were informed of the study drug allocation.
    Number of subjects in period 1
    Perindopril Amlodipine Placebo
    Started
    73
    72
    79
    Completed
    53
    49
    59
    Not completed
    20
    23
    20
         Adverse event, serious fatal
    3
    3
    3
         Consent withdrawn by subject
    8
    13
    8
         AAA repair
    9
    7
    9

    Baseline characteristics

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    Baseline characteristics reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Perindopril
    Reporting group description
    Perindopril

    Reporting group title
    Amlodipine
    Reporting group description
    Amlodipine 5mg

    Reporting group title
    Placebo
    Reporting group description
    Placebo

    Reporting group values
    Perindopril Amlodipine Placebo Total
    Number of subjects
    73 72 79 224
    Age categorical
    Units: Subjects
    Age continuous
    Mean age
    Units: years
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    71.6 ( 6.9 ) 71.5 ( 6.7 ) 70.7 ( 7.5 ) -
    Gender categorical
    Units: Subjects
        Female
    2 6 5 13
        Male
    71 66 74 211
    Use of statins
    Units: Subjects
        Receiving statins
    53 45 48 146
        Not receiving statins
    20 27 31 78
    Diabetes
    Units: Subjects
        Number of patients with diabetes
    2 6 8 16
        Number of patients without diabetes
    71 66 71 208
    Anti-platelet therapy
    Units: Subjects
        Receiving anti-platelet therapy
    37 33 28 98
        Not receiving anti-platelet therapy
    36 39 51 126
    Current smokers
    Units: Subjects
        Current smoker
    21 18 17 56
        Not current smoker
    52 54 62 168
    Past smokers
    Units: Subjects
        Past smoker
    41 44 56 141
        Not a past smoker
    32 28 23 83
    Systolic BP
    Systolic BP in mmHg
    Units: mmHg
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    130.9 ( 11.5 ) 131.9 ( 13 ) 131.7 ( 12.2 ) -
    Diastolic BP
    Diastolic BP in mmHg
    Units: mmHg
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    76.7 ( 8 ) 78 ( 7 ) 77.9 ( 7.6 ) -
    AAA external longitudinal diameter
    Units: cm
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    4.05 ( 0.65 ) 4.03 ( 0.69 ) 4.06 ( 0.67 ) -
    AAA internal longitudinal diameter
    Units: cm
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    3.66 ( 0.68 ) 3.61 ( 0.71 ) 3.67 ( 0.67 ) -
    AAA external transverse diameter
    Units: cm
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    4.09 ( 0.65 ) 4.04 ( 0.67 ) 4.05 ( 0.68 ) -
    AAA internal transverse diameter
    Units: cm
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    3.68 ( 0.68 ) 3.61 ( 0.7 ) 3.65 ( 0.69 ) -
    Height
    Units: cm
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    175.9 ( 8.3 ) 173.7 ( 8.7 ) 174.4 ( 8.5 ) -
    Weight
    Units: kg
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    84.3 ( 16.6 ) 81.2 ( 13.8 ) 84.3 ( 16.1 ) -
    Pack years current smokers
    Units: Years
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    33.1 ( 24 ) 29.3 ( 17.3 ) 32.9 ( 28 ) -
    Pack years past smokers
    Units: Years
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    42 ( 33.8 ) 40.5 ( 36.8 ) 42.2 ( 45.5 ) -

    End points

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    End points reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Perindopril
    Reporting group description
    Perindopril

    Reporting group title
    Amlodipine
    Reporting group description
    Amlodipine 5mg

    Reporting group title
    Placebo
    Reporting group description
    Placebo

    Primary: AAA external longitudinal diameter's growth rate

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    End point title
    AAA external longitudinal diameter's growth rate [1]
    End point description
    End point type
    Primary
    End point timeframe
    Annual rate over the entire period with visits at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24 months
    Notes
    [1] - The end point is not reporting statistics for all the arms in the baseline period. It is expected all the baseline period arms will be reported on when providing values for an end point on the baseline period.
    Justification: The primary endpoint was whether perindopril reduces the growth rates of small AAA. Amlodipine was a secondary comparator. Each of the active arms was compared individually against placebo.
    End point values
    Perindopril Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    73
    79
    Units: cm
        least squares mean (standard error)
    1.77 ( 0.02 )
    1.68 ( 0.02 )
    Statistical analysis title
    linear mixed models (multilevel modelling)
    Statistical analysis description
    Linear mixed models (multilevel modelling) where repeated measurements are nested within subjects. We fitted a random-coefficient model adding a random slope of time to allow patients to differ in their rate of diameter growth and the interaction term between time and treatment in the fixed part to investigate the difference in growth rate between treatment groups. The primary comparison is between perindopril and placebo.
    Comparison groups
    Placebo v Perindopril
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    152
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.78 [2]
    Method
    Mixed models analysis
    Parameter type
    Mean difference (final values)
    Point estimate
    0.008
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    -0.05
         upper limit
    0.065
    Variability estimate
    Standard error of the mean
    Dispersion value
    0.029
    Notes
    [2] - The differences in the slopes of modelled growth over time were not significant between perindopril and placebo

    Secondary: AAA external longitudinal diameter's growth rate

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    End point title
    AAA external longitudinal diameter's growth rate [3]
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Annual rate over the entire period with visits at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24 months
    Notes
    [3] - The end point is not reporting statistics for all the arms in the baseline period. It is expected all the baseline period arms will be reported on when providing values for an end point on the baseline period.
    Justification: The primary endpoint was whether perindopril reduces the growth rates of small AAA. Amlodipine was a secondary comparator. Each of the active arms was compared individually against placebo.
    End point values
    Perindopril Amlodipine
    Number of subjects analysed
    73
    72
    Units: cm
        least squares mean (standard error)
    1.77 ( 0.02 )
    1.81 ( 0.02 )
    Statistical analysis title
    linear mixed models (multilevel modelling)
    Statistical analysis description
    Linear mixed models (multilevel modelling) where repeated measurements are nested within subjects. We fitted a random-coefficient model adding a random slope of time to allow patients to differ in their rate of diameter growth and the interaction term between time and treatment in the fixed part to investigate the difference in growth rate between treatment groups. Secondary comparison is between perindopril and amlodipine.
    Comparison groups
    Perindopril v Amlodipine
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    145
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.89
    Method
    Mixed models analysis
    Parameter type
    Mean difference (final values)
    Point estimate
    0.004
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    -0.056
         upper limit
    0.064
    Variability estimate
    Standard error of the mean
    Dispersion value
    0.031

    Secondary: reaching 5.5 cm in AAA diameter

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    End point title
    reaching 5.5 cm in AAA diameter
    End point description
    The enpoint is reaching 5.5 cm in any of the 4 measurements (the first visit when this happens even if they continue FU) or having surgery or being referred to surgery. When they have both the date considered is the one when reaching threshold unless this is at baseline
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    the entire period with visits at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24 months
    End point values
    Perindopril Amlodipine Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    69
    67
    77
    Units: events
    6
    9
    11
    Attachments
    Kaplan-Meier estimates
    Statistical analysis title
    logrank test
    Comparison groups
    Perindopril v Amlodipine v Placebo
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    213
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.85 [4]
    Method
    Logrank
    Confidence interval
    Notes
    [4] - No significant differences were found between the three treatment groups.

    Adverse events

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    Adverse events information
    Timeframe for reporting adverse events
    5 September 2011 to 1 April 2015.
    Adverse event reporting additional description
    The following adverse events (AEs) were collected as part of the study: • Serious AEs (SAEs) • A single diagnosis or symptom, which led to discontinuation of the trial drug. • AE’s thought to be secondary to trial medication
    Assessment type
    Systematic
    Dictionary used for adverse event reporting
    Dictionary name
    MedDRA
    Dictionary version
    19
    Reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Perindopril
    Reporting group description
    Perindopril

    Reporting group title
    Amlodipine
    Reporting group description
    Amlodipine 5mg

    Reporting group title
    Placebo
    Reporting group description
    Placebo

    Serious adverse events
    Perindopril Amlodipine Placebo
    Total subjects affected by serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    19 / 73 (26.03%)
    12 / 72 (16.67%)
    16 / 79 (20.25%)
         number of deaths (all causes)
    2
    2
    3
         number of deaths resulting from adverse events
    0
    0
    0
    Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps)
    Lung cancer metastatic
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 73 (2.74%)
    1 / 72 (1.39%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Adenocarcinoma of prostate
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Vascular disorders
    Pulmonary embolism
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    1 / 72 (1.39%)
    1 / 79 (1.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Angiodysplasia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Rectum biopsy
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hypotension
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Deep vein thrombosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    1 / 72 (1.39%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Collapse
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    1 / 79 (1.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Surgical and medical procedures
    Spinal decompression
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Inguinal hernia repair
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    1 / 79 (1.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Toe operation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Aortic aneurysm repair
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    1 / 72 (1.39%)
    1 / 79 (1.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Aneurysm embolisation
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    1 / 79 (1.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Prostatectomy
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Prostate transurethral resection
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    1 / 72 (1.39%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Surgery
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    1 / 79 (1.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Bowel resection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Biopsy penis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Laser prostatectomy
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    1 / 72 (1.39%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Appendicectomy
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Angioplasty
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    1 / 72 (1.39%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    General disorders and administration site conditions
    Death
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    2 / 79 (2.53%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 2
    Swelling of legs
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    COPD exacerbation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Shortness of breath
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    2 / 79 (2.53%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Haemoptysis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Investigations
    Angiography
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    1 / 72 (1.39%)
    1 / 79 (1.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Laryngoscopy
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    1 / 79 (1.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cystoscopy
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    1 / 79 (1.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Endoscopy
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    1 / 72 (1.39%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Angiogram
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    1 / 72 (1.39%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Injury, poisoning and procedural complications
    Fractured neck of femur
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Fall
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Bladder injury
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Compression fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    1 / 72 (1.39%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cardiac disorders
    Myocardial infarction
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    1 / 79 (1.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pericarditis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    1 / 79 (1.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Atrial flutter
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Heart block
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Chest pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    2 / 79 (2.53%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Nervous system disorders
    Stroke
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Blood and lymphatic system disorders
    Neutropenia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    1 / 79 (1.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Eye disorders
    Cataract surgery
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Visual field defect
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    1 / 72 (1.39%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Melaena
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    1 / 79 (1.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Abdominal pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 73 (2.74%)
    1 / 72 (1.39%)
    1 / 79 (1.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 3
    0 / 2
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Gastrointestinal bleed
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    2 / 72 (2.78%)
    1 / 79 (1.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 2
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Rectal bleeding
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Vomiting
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 73 (2.74%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hepatobiliary disorders
    Gallstones
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Gallbladder perforation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Obstructive jaundice
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    1 / 79 (1.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hepatic disease
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    1 / 72 (1.39%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
    Back pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    1 / 72 (1.39%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Ankle swelling
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Infections and infestations
    Chest infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Urinary infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cellulitis of leg
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    1 / 79 (1.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cellulitis of arm
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Frequency threshold for reporting non-serious adverse events: 0%
    Non-serious adverse events
    Perindopril Amlodipine Placebo
    Total subjects affected by non serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    7 / 73 (9.59%)
    8 / 72 (11.11%)
    9 / 79 (11.39%)
    Vascular disorders
    Hypotension
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    0
    Cardiac disorders
    Heart failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    1 / 72 (1.39%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    0
    Nervous system disorders
    Dizziness
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 73 (4.11%)
    1 / 72 (1.39%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    1
    0
    Headache
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    1 / 72 (1.39%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    0
    Blackout
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    1 / 72 (1.39%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    0
    Numbness in feet
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    1 / 79 (1.27%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    0
    1
    Numbness in hands, forearms, elbows
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    1 / 79 (1.27%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    0
    1
    General disorders and administration site conditions
    Sweating
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    1 / 79 (1.27%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    0
    1
    Feeling sick
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    1 / 79 (1.27%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    0
    1
    Feeling unwell
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    0
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Upset stomach
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    1 / 79 (1.27%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    0
    1
    Abdominal pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    1 / 79 (1.27%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    0
    1
    Hiatus hernia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    1 / 79 (1.27%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    0
    1
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    Breathlessness
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    1 / 72 (1.39%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    0
    Cough
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    0
    Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
    Itchy skin
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 73 (1.37%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    0
    Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
    Ankle swelling
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    3 / 72 (4.17%)
    0 / 79 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    3
    0
    Metabolism and nutrition disorders
    Type 2 diabetes mellitus
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 73 (0.00%)
    0 / 72 (0.00%)
    1 / 79 (1.27%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    0
    1

    More information

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    Substantial protocol amendments (globally)

    Were there any global substantial amendments to the protocol? Yes
    Date
    Amendment
    15 Apr 2011
    Change of IMP supplier
    20 Jun 2011
    The brand name was removed from the CTA for amlodipine besilate 5mg, so that there was flexibility of the brand used throughout the trial. This is due to possible supply issues.
    13 Jul 2011
    For the first two weeks following randomisation, patients will be asked to take half doses of the IMP dispensed (ie. 5mg of perindopril, 2.5mg amlopidine and half of the placebo tablet). This is in line with standard clinical practice for perindopril that patients should not commence on the full dose. All patients will be provided with pill cutters at their randomisation visit for this purpose. After two weeks they will instructed to uptitrate to the full dose by taking 1 full tablet per day. Participating sites in London will now only identify, recruit and screen patients. Patients will then be referred to St Mary’s Hospital for all subsequent visits. The protocol has been updated to incorporate the changes above- protocol version 3 (01.07.2011). The patient information sheet has been updated to incorporate the changes above – PIS version 5 Confirmation that indapamide and losartan are considered Non-Investigational Medicinal Products. Dossiers attached (note this is for consistency in our documentation only). The IMP label has been updated.
    19 Dec 2011
    Submission of new version of the patient information sheet (V6) and the addition of a patient invitation letter (V1) and a trial poster (V1). The contact person in section C of the CTA is now Gaia Mahalingam. The main amendments to the protocol are shown in the table below: Amendment Rationale 1. Inclusion criteria: 3-5.4cm by Inner to Inner (ITI) or Outer to Outer (OTO) measurements Some sites routinely take ITI measurements whilst others take OTO. Both will be included and measurements of both ITI and OTO will be taken at baseline. 2. Inclusion criteria: Age limit will be dropped to include those 55 years old and above One of the study sites queried the current age range because they have several patients with AAA in their 40’s and 50’s. The management team decided that the age limit could be dropped to 55 yrs old but not any further to avoid inclusion of patients with connective tissue disease/ genetic syndromes. 3. 12 week re-evaluation of BP at PI’s discretion If a patient still has systolic BP >150 after 6 weeks on indapamide then they may be prescribed 5mg of amlodipine by their GP and re-evaluated at 12 weeks for study entry. 4. Removal of lipids at screening and update of GP letter to request lipid check. Fasting lipids limits screening visits to the morning and means the patient is asked to fast prior to signing consent. 5. Removal of use of portable ultrasound scanner as per NAAASP. Coventry will use a GE full size scanner. QC will be performed by Head Vascular Scientist at St Mary’s Hospital. 6. Allow clinical bloods to be used for screening if performed within 6 weeks To avoid a repeat blood test for the patient if a sample for creatinine and electrolytes has been taken recently. 7. Clarification of window between screening and baseline The protocol is currently unclear. A two month window will be permitted. 8. Addition of visit window for each 3-monthly visit (+/- 7 days where possible)
    02 Apr 2012
    Addition of 3 new sites to the AARDVARK study – Hull & East Yorkshire NHS Trust, Royal Bournemouth & Christchurch NHS Trust and Colchester Hospital University NHS Trust. A new version of the protocol – V5. A new version of the patient information sheet and consent – V7. One for sites conducting the biomarker study and the other for sites not conducting the biomarker study. A new version of GP letters A and B (V2)
    01 Jul 2012
    Addition of 10 new sites to the AARDVARK study – North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne NHS Trust, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Trust, York Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Trust, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust and NHS Grampian. A new version of the protocol – V6. Clean and tracked copies attached as well as a summary of changes. A new version of the patient information sheet and consent – V8 (one for sites that are participating in the biomarker study and one for sites that are not). A new version of the patient invitation letter – V2 A new version of GP letter A - V3
    01 Aug 2013
    New version of protocol - version 7. Update to description of quality assurance procedures for clarification.

    Interruptions (globally)

    Were there any global interruptions to the trial? No

    Limitations and caveats

    Limitations of the trial such as small numbers of subjects analysed or technical problems leading to unreliable data.
    The AAAs in the trial grew slower than expected and the accuracy of ultrasound scanning was less than expected, both of which may have reduced our ability to detect small differences between groups if they were present.
    For support, Contact us.
    The status and protocol content of GB trials is no longer updated since 1 January 2021. For the UK, as of 31 January 2021, EU Law applies only to the territory of Northern Ireland (NI) to the extent foreseen in the Protocol on Ireland/NI. Legal notice
    As of 31 January 2023, all EU/EEA initial clinical trial applications must be submitted through CTIS . Updated EudraCT trials information and information on PIP/Art 46 trials conducted exclusively in third countries continues to be submitted through EudraCT and published on this website.

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