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    Clinical Trial Results:
    The Relative Effectiveness of Pumps Over MDI and Structured Education.

    Summary
    EudraCT number
    2010-023198-21
    Trial protocol
    GB  
    Global end of trial date
    25 Jun 2015

    Results information
    Results version number
    v1(current)
    This version publication date
    10 May 2017
    First version publication date
    10 May 2017
    Other versions

    Trial information

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    Trial identification
    Sponsor protocol code
    STH15295
    Additional study identifiers
    ISRCTN number
    ISRCTN61215213
    US NCT number
    -
    WHO universal trial number (UTN)
    -
    Sponsors
    Sponsor organisation name
    Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
    Sponsor organisation address
    Clinical Research Office Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, D Floor, Glossop Road, Sheffield, United Kingdom, S10 2JF
    Public contact
    Dr Erica Wallis, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, erica.wallis@sth.nhs.uk
    Scientific contact
    Dr Erica Wallis, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, erica.wallis@sth.nhs.uk
    Paediatric regulatory details
    Is trial part of an agreed paediatric investigation plan (PIP)
    No
    Does article 45 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Does article 46 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Results analysis stage
    Analysis stage
    Final
    Date of interim/final analysis
    29 Feb 2016
    Is this the analysis of the primary completion data?
    Yes
    Primary completion date
    15 Jun 2015
    Global end of trial reached?
    Yes
    Global end of trial date
    25 Jun 2015
    Was the trial ended prematurely?
    No
    General information about the trial
    Main objective of the trial
    To assess the clinical and cost effectiveness of insulin pump therapy compared to multiple daily injections for adults with type 1 diabetes, with both groups receiving equivalent structured training in flexible insulin therapy.
    Protection of trial subjects
    Participants were provided with a contact card and encouraged to get in touch with their diabetes team if they had experienced any adverse health events. Any that were not picked up through general contact were identified at follow up visits through educators enquiring about problems that the patients have had. SAEs were reported in accordance with the study SOPs. SAEs were assessed by the local principal investigator and reported to Sheffield CTRU within 24 hours, with the exception of events that had been stated as exempt from immediate reporting, where 28 days were allowed. These exemptions were: episodes of severe hypoglycaemia requiring hospitalisation; episodes of DKA; and, pregnancy. SAEs were assessed for; seriousness, frequency, intensity, relationship to study product and, where applicable, relationship to pump. SAEs were monitored throughout the trial by the Trial Steering Committee and Data Monitoring Committee.
    Background therapy
    The DAFNE course is a one-week structured education course teaching adults with T1DM skills in insulin self-adjustment and carbohydrate counting. The DAFNE course is designed to teach individuals with diabetes how to live a less restricted life, whilst effectively keeping blood sugar levels under control, therefore minimizing long-term health complications associated with diabetes. The key modules are: what is diabetes?; food and diabetes; insulin management; management of hypoglycaemia; sick day rules. Courses are conducted over five consecutive days, providing an average of 38 hours of structured education, delivered to groups of 5-8 adults aged 18 years or above, in an outpatient setting. Courses are delivered by diabetes specialist nurses and dietitians.
    Evidence for comparator
    We aimed to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of insulin pump therapy compared to multiple daily injections (MDI) for people with type 1 diabetes (T1DM), when both have received high quality structured education. The purchase and use of pumps is more expensive than MDI. Pumps may be used by around 40% of people with Type 1 diabetes in the USA and over 15% in Europe. In contrast, the proportion in the UK was around 6% in adults in 2012. Proponents of pump treatment have proposed that far more patients should be offered treatment in the UK and that current policies are depriving many of the opportunity to improve glycaemic control, reduce hypoglycaemia and improve quality of life. The UK’s National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) have recently extended recommendations for the use of pumps in adults with T1DM. The guidance suggests that pump treatment be considered for individuals experiencing problems with hypoglycaemia particularly when this limits the ability to improve glycaemic control. NICE have noted the paucity of evidence for efficacy from RCTs. We hypothesised that much of the benefit of pumps may come from the re-training and education in intensive insulin management that allows patients to use pumps safely.
    Actual start date of recruitment
    23 Nov 2012
    Long term follow-up planned
    No
    Independent data monitoring committee (IDMC) involvement?
    Yes
    Population of trial subjects
    Number of subjects enrolled per country
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    United Kingdom: 267
    Worldwide total number of subjects
    267
    EEA total number of subjects
    267
    Number of subjects enrolled per age group
    In utero
    0
    Preterm newborn - gestational age < 37 wk
    0
    Newborns (0-27 days)
    0
    Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    0
    Children (2-11 years)
    0
    Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0
    Adults (18-64 years)
    257
    From 65 to 84 years
    10
    85 years and over
    0

    Subject disposition

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    Recruitment
    Recruitment details
    Recruitment took place from November 2011 till April 2013 in eight secondary care diabetes centres in Sheffield, Cambridge, Dumfries & Galloway, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Harrogate, London and Nottingham

    Pre-assignment
    Screening details
    Invited to take part n=1278 Responders n=885 (69%) Interested to take part n=362 (41%) Eligible n=334 (92%) Eligible & consented to take part n= 321 (96%) Dropped out prior to randomisation n=4 Randomised n=317 Allocated to CSII n=156, MDI n=161 Dropped out prior to intervention n=50

    Period 1
    Period 1 title
    Baseline
    Is this the baseline period?
    Yes
    Allocation method
    Randomised - controlled
    Blinding used
    Not blinded

    Arms
    Are arms mutually exclusive
    Yes

    Arm title
    Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII)
    Arm description
    -
    Arm type
    Experimental

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Insulin aspart (NovoRapid®)
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Solution for injection/infusion
    Routes of administration
    Subcutaneous use
    Dosage and administration details
    Participants received insulin aspart (NovoRapid®) via the Medtronic MiniMed Paradigm Veo Insulin pump (model 754)

    Arm title
    Multiple daily injections (MDI)
    Arm description
    -
    Arm type
    Active comparator

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Insulin detemir (Levemir®)
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Injection
    Routes of administration
    Subcutaneous use
    Dosage and administration details
    Insulin detemir (Levemir®) is to be administered subcutaneously, once or twice daily. The dose is adjusted individually depending on the subjects’ needs.

    Number of subjects in period 1
    Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) Multiple daily injections (MDI)
    Started
    132
    135
    Completed
    132
    135
    Period 2
    Period 2 title
    Follow up 24m
    Is this the baseline period?
    No
    Allocation method
    Randomised - controlled
    Blinding used
    Not blinded

    Arms
    Are arms mutually exclusive
    Yes

    Arm title
    Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII)
    Arm description
    -
    Arm type
    Experimental

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Insulin aspart (NovoRapid®)
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Solution for injection/infusion
    Routes of administration
    Subcutaneous use
    Dosage and administration details
    Participants received insulin aspart (NovoRapid®) via the Medtronic MiniMed Paradigm Veo Insulin pump (model 754)

    Arm title
    Multiple daily injections (MDI)
    Arm description
    -
    Arm type
    Active comparator

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Insulin detemir (Levemir®)
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Injection
    Routes of administration
    Subcutaneous use
    Dosage and administration details
    Insulin detemir (Levemir®) is to be administered subcutaneously, once or twice daily. The dose is adjusted individually depending on the subjects’ needs.

    Number of subjects in period 2
    Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) Multiple daily injections (MDI)
    Started
    132
    135
    Completed
    128
    120
    Not completed
    4
    15
         Consent withdrawn by subject
    1
    1
         Lost to follow-up
    3
    14

    Baseline characteristics

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    Baseline characteristics reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII)
    Reporting group description
    -

    Reporting group title
    Multiple daily injections (MDI)
    Reporting group description
    -

    Reporting group values
    Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) Multiple daily injections (MDI) Total
    Number of subjects
    132 135 267
    Age categorical
    Units: Subjects
        In utero
    0
        Preterm newborn infants (gestational age < 37 wks)
    0
        Newborns (0-27 days)
    0
        Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    0
        Children (2-11 years)
    0
        Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0
        Adults (18-64 years)
    0
        From 65-84 years
    0
        85 years and over
    0
    Age continuous
    Units: years
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    41.5 ± 14.2 39.9 ± 12.5 -
    Gender categorical
    Units: Subjects
        Female
    54 53 107
        Male
    78 82 160
    Previous severe hypoglycaemia in past 12 months
    Units: Subjects
        At least 1 severe hypo
    16 15 31
        No severe hypo
    116 120 236
    Ethnicity
    Units: Subjects
        White British
    125 119 244
        Other
    7 16 23
    Body Mass Index
    Units: Kg/M2
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    27.4 ± 5 27 ± 5 -

    End points

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    End points reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII)
    Reporting group description
    -

    Reporting group title
    Multiple daily injections (MDI)
    Reporting group description
    -
    Reporting group title
    Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII)
    Reporting group description
    -

    Reporting group title
    Multiple daily injections (MDI)
    Reporting group description
    -

    Subject analysis set title
    ITT
    Subject analysis set type
    Intention-to-treat
    Subject analysis set description
    a) all participants randomised to either MDI or CSII b) at least one HbA1c measurement after baseline c) treatment assignment as randomised

    Subject analysis set title
    Per protocol (baseline HbA1c>=7.5%)
    Subject analysis set type
    Per protocol
    Subject analysis set description
    a) subset of ITT set meeting compliance criteria defined by - Adherence to DAFNE course: in general, a participant was adherent to the course if they attended at least 4 of the 5 days, including the first 2 days (as adjudicated by the course leader). - Adherence to the pump or MDI: a participant was classed as adherent to treatment if they adhered to the pump/MDI for the full two years (excluding any reasonable temporary interruptions of around 2 weeks).

    Subject analysis set title
    Primary ITT (baseline HbA1c>=7.5%)
    Subject analysis set type
    Intention-to-treat
    Subject analysis set description
    Change in HbA1c among participants with baseline >=7.5% / 58mmol/mol (Primary analysis population)

    Subject analysis set title
    Complete case, baseline HbA1c>=7.5%
    Subject analysis set type
    Modified intention-to-treat
    Subject analysis set description
    Subset of participants with baseline HbA1c>=7.5%/58mmol/mol and who were followed up to 24 months

    Primary: Change in HbA1c in participants whose baseline HbA1c was ≥ 7.5%

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    End point title
    Change in HbA1c in participants whose baseline HbA1c was ≥ 7.5%
    End point description
    End point type
    Primary
    End point timeframe
    24 months
    End point values
    Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) Multiple daily injections (MDI) Per protocol (baseline HbA1c>=7.5%) Primary ITT (baseline HbA1c>=7.5%)
    Number of subjects analysed
    119
    116
    217
    235
    Units: mmol/mol
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    -9.3 ± 13.66
    -4.5 ± 13.19
    6.34 ± 10.14
    6.93 ± 10.18
    Attachments
    Forest plot
    Statistical analysis title
    Primary
    Statistical analysis description
    The mean change in HbA1c at 24 months post DAFNE course was compared between those allocated to CSII and MDI using a mixed effects model. The model was adjusted for clustering by DAFNE course (random effect), centre, and baseline HbA1c (fixed effects). The mean (SD) HbA1c change from baseline for the CSII and MDI groups and the number in each group are displayed. The efficacy of the intervention is reported as mean difference (MD) in HbA1c change at 2 years, with associated 95% CI and p-value.
    Comparison groups
    Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) v Multiple daily injections (MDI)
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    235
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.098
    Method
    Mixed models analysis
    Parameter type
    Mean difference in change
    Point estimate
    -2.7
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    -5.8
         upper limit
    0.5
    Statistical analysis title
    Per protocol
    Comparison groups
    Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) v Multiple daily injections (MDI)
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    235
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.015
    Method
    Mixed models analysis
    Parameter type
    Mean difference (final values)
    Point estimate
    -3.9
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    -7
         upper limit
    -0.8

    Secondary: Proportion of participants with HbA1c≤7.5% at 24 months

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    End point title
    Proportion of participants with HbA1c≤7.5% at 24 months
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    24 months
    End point values
    Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) Multiple daily injections (MDI)
    Number of subjects analysed
    128
    120
    Units: Participants
        ≤7.5%
    32
    28
    Statistical analysis title
    Proportion of participants with HbA1c≤7.5% at 24 m
    Comparison groups
    Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) v Multiple daily injections (MDI)
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    248
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.566
    Method
    Regression, Logistic
    Parameter type
    Odds ratio (OR)
    Point estimate
    1.22
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.62
         upper limit
    2.39

    Secondary: Severe hypoglycaemia events over 2 years

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    End point title
    Severe hypoglycaemia events over 2 years
    End point description
    Severe hypoglycaemic episodes were collected on an ongoing basis over the 2 year study duration.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    24 months
    End point values
    Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) Multiple daily injections (MDI)
    Number of subjects analysed
    132
    135
    Units: Events
        Events
    25
    24
    Statistical analysis title
    Incidence of severe hypoglycaemia over two years
    Comparison groups
    Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) v Multiple daily injections (MDI)
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    267
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.766
    Method
    Mixed models analysis
    Parameter type
    Incident rate ratio
    Point estimate
    1.13
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.51
         upper limit
    2.51

    Secondary: Change in body weight

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    End point title
    Change in body weight
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    24 months
    End point values
    Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) Multiple daily injections (MDI)
    Number of subjects analysed
    127
    117
    Units: Kg
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    0.71 ± 5.45
    0.2 ± 6.37
    Statistical analysis title
    Mean change in body weight
    Statistical analysis description
    The mean change from baseline in weight was compared between treatment groups using a mixed effects linear regression model with independent correlation adjusted for clustering by DAFNE course (random effect), centre, and baseline HbA1c (fixed effects).
    Comparison groups
    Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) v Multiple daily injections (MDI)
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    244
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.607
    Method
    Mixed models analysis
    Parameter type
    Mean difference (final values)
    Point estimate
    0.42
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    -1.17
         upper limit
    2.01

    Secondary: Change in total insulin dose

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    End point title
    Change in total insulin dose
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    24 months
    End point values
    Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) Multiple daily injections (MDI)
    Number of subjects analysed
    125
    116
    Units: i.u/weight
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    -0.06 ± 0.27
    -0.01 ± 0.23
    Statistical analysis title
    Mean difference in change in insulin dose
    Statistical analysis description
    The mean change from baseline in insulin dose was compared between treatment groups using a mixed effects linear regression model with independent correlation adjusted for clustering by DAFNE course (random effect), centre, and baseline HbA1c (fixed effects).
    Comparison groups
    Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) v Multiple daily injections (MDI)
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    241
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.152
    Method
    Mixed models analysis
    Parameter type
    Mean difference (final values)
    Point estimate
    -0.05
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    -0.11
         upper limit
    0.02

    Secondary: Mean change in SF12 Physical Component Summary

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    End point title
    Mean change in SF12 Physical Component Summary
    End point description
    Physical health is scored according to US normative data (Ware et al, 2007) in which the population mean is 50 and standard deviation is 10. Higher values indicate better health.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    24 months
    End point values
    Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) Multiple daily injections (MDI)
    Number of subjects analysed
    122
    112
    Units: SF-12 scale
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    0.3 ± 7.9
    1 ± 8.3
    Statistical analysis title
    Mean difference in change in SF12 PCS
    Statistical analysis description
    Calculated using mixed effects regression adjusted for baseline QoL score, centre, course, baseline HBA1c.
    Comparison groups
    Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) v Multiple daily injections (MDI)
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    234
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.657
    Method
    Mixed models analysis
    Parameter type
    Mean difference (final values)
    Point estimate
    -0.4
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    -2.1
         upper limit
    1.3

    Secondary: Mean change in SF-12 Mental Component Summary

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    End point title
    Mean change in SF-12 Mental Component Summary
    End point description
    Mental health is scored according to US normative data (Ware et al, 2007) in which the population mean is 50 and standard deviation is 10. Higher values indicate better health.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    24 months
    End point values
    Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) Multiple daily injections (MDI)
    Number of subjects analysed
    123
    114
    Units: SF-12 score
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    2.1 ± 11.2
    0.5 ± 10.3
    Statistical analysis title
    Mean difference in change in SF12 MCS
    Statistical analysis description
    Calculated using mixed effects regression adjusted for baseline QoL score, centre, course, baseline HBA1c.
    Comparison groups
    Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) v Multiple daily injections (MDI)
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    237
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.175
    Method
    Mixed models analysis
    Parameter type
    Mean difference (net)
    Point estimate
    1.6
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    -0.7
         upper limit
    4

    Secondary: Mean change in EQ-5D

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    End point title
    Mean change in EQ-5D
    End point description
    The EQ-5D score is a health utility in which 1 relates to perfect health and 0 relates to a state equivalent to death. Negative states are possible.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    24 months
    End point values
    Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) Multiple daily injections (MDI)
    Number of subjects analysed
    123
    113
    Units: EQ-5D scale
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    0 ± 0.18
    -0.02 ± 0.18
    Statistical analysis title
    Mean difference in change in EQ-5D
    Statistical analysis description
    Calculated using mixed effects regression adjusted for baseline QoL score, centre, course, baseline HBA1c.
    Comparison groups
    Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) v Multiple daily injections (MDI)
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    236
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.464
    Method
    Mixed models analysis
    Parameter type
    Median difference (final values)
    Point estimate
    0.02
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    -0.03
         upper limit
    0.06

    Secondary: Change in HDL cholesterol

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    End point title
    Change in HDL cholesterol
    End point description
    Mean change in HDL cholesterol
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    24 months
    End point values
    Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) Multiple daily injections (MDI)
    Number of subjects analysed
    117
    112
    Units: mmol/L
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    0.03 ± 0.3
    0.06 ± 0.39
    Statistical analysis title
    Mean difference in change in HDL cholesterol
    Statistical analysis description
    The mean change from baseline in HDL cholesterol was compared between treatment groups using a mixed effects linear regression model with independent correlation adjusted for clustering by DAFNE course (random effect), centre, and baseline HbA1c (fixed effects).
    Comparison groups
    Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) v Multiple daily injections (MDI)
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    229
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.428
    Method
    Mixed models analysis
    Parameter type
    Mean difference (final values)
    Point estimate
    -0.04
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    -0.12
         upper limit
    0.05

    Secondary: Change in total cholesterol

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    End point title
    Change in total cholesterol
    End point description
    Mean change in total cholesterol
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    24 months
    End point values
    Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) Multiple daily injections (MDI)
    Number of subjects analysed
    127
    116
    Units: mmol/L
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    -0.21 ± 0.95
    -0.19 ± 1.03
    Statistical analysis title
    Mean difference in change in total cholesterol
    Statistical analysis description
    The mean change from baseline in total cholesterol was compared between treatment groups using a mixed effects linear regression model with independent correlation adjusted for clustering by DAFNE course (random effect), centre, and baseline HbA1c (fixed effects).
    Comparison groups
    Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) v Multiple daily injections (MDI)
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    243
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.848
    Method
    Mixed models analysis
    Parameter type
    Mean difference (final values)
    Point estimate
    0.03
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    -0.25
         upper limit
    0.3

    Adverse events

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    Adverse events information
    Timeframe for reporting adverse events
    24 months
    Adverse event reporting additional description
    SAEs reported on an ongoing basis from baseline to 24 months AEs were reported at 6, 12 and 24 months
    Assessment type
    Systematic
    Dictionary used for adverse event reporting
    Dictionary name
    CI review EMA IME
    Dictionary version
    19.0
    Reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII)
    Reporting group description
    -

    Reporting group title
    Multiple daily injections (MDI)
    Reporting group description
    -

    Serious adverse events
    Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) Multiple daily injections (MDI)
    Total subjects affected by serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    33 / 132 (25.00%)
    26 / 135 (19.26%)
         number of deaths (all causes)
    0
    0
         number of deaths resulting from adverse events
    0
    0
    Cardiac disorders
    Chest pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 132 (1.52%)
    0 / 135 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions
    Pregnancy
         subjects affected / exposed
    6 / 132 (4.55%)
    4 / 135 (2.96%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 7
    0 / 7
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    General disorders and administration site conditions
    Non-cardiac chest pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 132 (0.00%)
    2 / 135 (1.48%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Abdominal pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 132 (0.76%)
    2 / 135 (1.48%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Endocrine disorders
    Blood glucose increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    13 / 132 (9.85%)
    6 / 135 (4.44%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    9 / 16
    2 / 10
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Metabolism and nutrition disorders
    Diabetic ketoacidosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    7 / 132 (5.30%)
    3 / 135 (2.22%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 7
    0 / 4
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Frequency threshold for reporting non-serious adverse events: 1%
    Non-serious adverse events
    Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) Multiple daily injections (MDI)
    Total subjects affected by non serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    75 / 132 (56.82%)
    35 / 135 (25.93%)
    Injury, poisoning and procedural complications
    Suture insertion
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 132 (0.00%)
    2 / 135 (1.48%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    2
    Eye disorders
    Vitreous haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 132 (1.52%)
    1 / 135 (0.74%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    2
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    Upper respiratory tract infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 132 (1.52%)
    0 / 135 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Endocrine disorders
    Blood glucose increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    55 / 132 (41.67%)
    16 / 135 (11.85%)
         occurrences all number
    215
    29
    Hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    10 / 132 (7.58%)
    8 / 135 (5.93%)
         occurrences all number
    10
    8
    Infections and infestations
    Soft tissue infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 132 (1.52%)
    0 / 135 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Tonsillitis bacterial
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 132 (1.52%)
    0 / 135 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Product issues
    Device malfunction
         subjects affected / exposed
    25 / 132 (18.94%)
    0 / 135 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    27
    0

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    Substantial protocol amendments (globally)

    Were there any global substantial amendments to the protocol? Yes
    Date
    Amendment
    12 Aug 2011
    Updates to the protocol including: 1) General Information: PI and site details 2) Urine samples and albumin-creatinine ratio: clarified that this test will be taken during the trial 3) Inclusion and exclusion criteria: one inclusion and one exclusion criteria added: • Extra inclusion criteria: Has a need for structured education to optimise diabetes control in the opinion of the investigator. • Extra exclusion criteria: Has a need for pump therapy in the opinion of the investigator. 4) DAFNE pre-course pump session: clarified when pump use on saline would be taking place. Updates to the participant information sheet including: 1) Geographical areas for the trial have been amended according to site removal and additions. 2) Sentence amended to clarify process of continuation of pump therapy in England and Scotland. 3) Northwest 3 Research Ethics Committee-Liverpool East listed as ethics committee for whom approval has been granted. Updates to REPOSE leaflet including: 1) Addition to clarify that urine samples will be taken in addition to blood samples at baseline, 6-, 12- and 24-months Updates to the CTA including: 1) Sites amended 2) Inclusion/exclusion critiera added 3) Contact details, typographical errors and updated details (ethics approval details, ISRCTN number) added
    04 Oct 2011
    Protocol (NRES & MHRA- substantial amendment) 1) General information - p.4: Change to details of PIs and sponsor contact 2) Protocol amendment details - p.6: Text inserted to detail protocol amendments from version 3 to 4. 3) Trial summary - p.7: List of sites amended to correspond with removal/addition of sites. 4) Demographic measures - p.14: Removal of religion as part of the demographic analyses. 5) Randomisation - p.23: Time at which REPOSE educator finds out which treatment arm participants has been allocated to altered from one month to six weeks. 6) Table 1: Documents for Data collection - p.26-30: Details of severe and moderate hypos recording process amended in table 7) Typographical errors and formatting - References to appendices removed from protocol. Formatting of figures undertaken.
    23 Feb 2012
    1) Blinded review of HbA1c (measure of the level of blood glucose control) To allow the trial statistician to conduct a blinded review after Course 2, 4 and 5 to examine the proportions of recruited participants who are in each HbA1c category (i.e. ≥7.5% or <7.5%). The trial statistician will look at the proportions in each HbA1c category, and numbers of participants with an HbA1c ≥ 7.5% threatens the ability of the trial to detect a difference in primary outcome (i.e. there are substantially more subjects recruited with an HbA1c <7.5% than anticipated), then an additional inclusion criteria will be added to limit recruitment only to participants with an HbA1c of ≥7.5% in order to ensure the trial can detect a difference in the primary outcome. 2) Withdrawal from the pump criteria Removal of ‘Participant becomes pregnant’ as a reason for withdrawal from the pump. Amended so that the decision as to whether a participant who becomes pregnant during the trial stays on the pump is purely a clinical decision based on the participant’s blood glucose control on the pump i.e. if the participant was managing their diabetes well on the pump, they remain on the pump. 3) To add and remove sites • Addition of Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (PI: Dr Alan Jaap) • Removal of University of Edinburgh (Dr Julia Lawton) and Monklands Hospital (Dr Thekkepat Sandeep) 4) Notification that Harrogate and District NHS Foundation Trust (PI: Dr Peter Hammond) are delivering part of the trial intervention using a venue that is not owned by Harrogate and District NHS Foundation Trust: Henshaws Society for Blind People, Bogs Lane, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, HG1 4ED.
    01 Oct 2012
    To increase the number recruited to the study. Drop-outs are occurring prior to DAFNE course attendance and thus these participants do not count towards the ITT. This change does not increase the number of participants who will receive the intervention or comparator treatment.
    04 Apr 2014
    Updates to the REPOSE Protocol v11: - clarified withdrawal from treatment criteria for participants who develop the need for renal replacement therapy or who are found to be abusing alcohol or drugs - clarified that pregnancies will be recorded as SAEs & that they are exempt from immediate reporting Participant Retention and Return of Data - Where participant do not live locally, appropriate research staff may arrange to visit the participant in their home or at an alternative NHS location to carry out data collection.

    Interruptions (globally)

    Were there any global interruptions to the trial? No

    Limitations and caveats

    Limitations of the trial such as small numbers of subjects analysed or technical problems leading to unreliable data.
    None reported
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