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    Clinical Trial Results:
    A pilot study to establish the safety and efficacy of a combination of dexamethasone and lenalidomide in patients with relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)

    Summary
    EudraCT number
    2010-024520-15
    Trial protocol
    GB  
    Global end of trial date
    01 Feb 2016

    Results information
    Results version number
    v1(current)
    This version publication date
    16 Jul 2017
    First version publication date
    16 Jul 2017
    Other versions

    Trial information

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    Trial identification
    Sponsor protocol code
    UCL/09/0387
    Additional study identifiers
    ISRCTN number
    -
    US NCT number
    NCT01459211
    WHO universal trial number (UTN)
    -
    Other trial identifiers
    Celgene study code: RV-CLL-PI-0569
    Sponsors
    Sponsor organisation name
    University College London
    Sponsor organisation address
    Joint Research Office, Gower Street, London, United Kingdom, WC1e 6BT
    Public contact
    ctc.sponsor@ucl.ac.uk, Cancer Research UK and UCL Cancer Trials Centre, 44 2076799898, ctc.sponsor@ucl.ac.uk
    Scientific contact
    ctc.sponsor@ucl.ac.uk, Cancer Research UK and UCL Cancer Trials Centre, 44 2076799898, ctc.sponsor@ucl.ac.uk
    Paediatric regulatory details
    Is trial part of an agreed paediatric investigation plan (PIP)
    No
    Does article 45 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Does article 46 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Results analysis stage
    Analysis stage
    Final
    Date of interim/final analysis
    01 Feb 2016
    Is this the analysis of the primary completion data?
    Yes
    Primary completion date
    12 Feb 2015
    Global end of trial reached?
    Yes
    Global end of trial date
    01 Feb 2016
    Was the trial ended prematurely?
    Yes
    General information about the trial
    Main objective of the trial
    The aim of this study is to establish the safety and efficacy of a combination of dexamethasone and lenalidomide (Revlimid®) (D+L) in subjects with relapsed or refractory CLL who have failed or are unable to tolerate standard up-front therapy with regimens containing Fludarabine or, in those with mutations in the p53 gene, CAMPATH-1H. The primary endpoints are: 1. Proportion of patients who achieve objective response (CR + PR) according to the updated 1996 NCIWG criteria measured at 4 weeks after the completion of chemotherapy 2. Proportion of patients suffering Grade III/IV toxicity as assessed by the NCI Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 4.03) including an assessment of the frequency of tumour flare reactions
    Protection of trial subjects
    Patients underwent screening evaluations to confirm eligibility for the trial, including: full medical history, physical examination, full blood count & biochemistry tests, thyroid function tests, serum immunoglobulins, infection screen for HIV and Hepatitis B & C & ECG. Cytogenetic analyses & bone marrow biopsy confirmed diagnosis. Patients with renal impairment at baseline started on a reduced lenalidomide dose. Patients were monitored for haematological toxicities, such as thrombocytopenia and neutropenia. Full blood counts are checked regularly during each cycle, particularly for the first three cycles of treatment. The protocol provided instructions for dose delays or reductions. G-CSF was recommended for patients with severe neutropenia. Patients were assessed regularly during treatment and the trial protocol provided appropriate guidance for the treatment of tumour lysis syndrome and tumour flare reaction, as well as subsequent dose reductions. Dose modifications were provided for other toxicities including neuropathy, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, renal & hepatic impairment, thromboembolic events and rashes. The protocol gave recommendations for supportive care, including prophylaxis against pneumocystis pneumonia, herpes simplex and varicella zoster reactivation, antifungal agents, antiemetics, corticosteroid prophylaxis to avoid infusion-related reactions and transfusion of blood and blood products and antibiotics as appropriate. Due to lenalidomide's structural relationship with thalidomide (known to cause life threatening birth defects), the Celgene Risk Minimisation Plan to prevent pregnancy was observed in the trial. All participants were counselled concerning the risks & agreed to a schedule of pregnancy testing and use of contraception, dependent on their sex and childbearing potential, in order to enter the study. Further counselling & monitoring of the pregnancy status of participant and/or partner were required throughout the study.
    Background therapy
    Not applicable
    Evidence for comparator
    Not applicable - no comparator used
    Actual start date of recruitment
    01 Mar 2012
    Long term follow-up planned
    No
    Independent data monitoring committee (IDMC) involvement?
    Yes
    Population of trial subjects
    Number of subjects enrolled per country
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    United Kingdom: 12
    Worldwide total number of subjects
    12
    EEA total number of subjects
    12
    Number of subjects enrolled per age group
    In utero
    0
    Preterm newborn - gestational age < 37 wk
    0
    Newborns (0-27 days)
    0
    Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    0
    Children (2-11 years)
    0
    Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0
    Adults (18-64 years)
    6
    From 65 to 84 years
    6
    85 years and over
    0

    Subject disposition

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    Recruitment
    Recruitment details
    A total of 12 patients were recruited at two UK sites between November 2012 and May 2014.

    Pre-assignment
    Screening details
    Screening investigations included physical assessments and disease status evaluation. A total of 17 patients were screened for the study. Patients were not entered onto the trial due to patient refusal rather than failure of screening examinations.

    Period 1
    Period 1 title
    Overall trial (overall period)
    Is this the baseline period?
    Yes
    Allocation method
    Non-randomised - controlled
    Blinding used
    Not blinded
    Blinding implementation details
    n/a

    Arms
    Arm title
    Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone
    Arm description
    Patients received up to twelve 28-day cycles of treatment. Each cycle consisted of: 1. Oral Dexamethasone (20mg daily, days 1-4), 2. Oral Lenalidomide on days 1-28 of each cycle, starting at 5mg per day in cycle 1 in patients with creatinine clearance ≥ 50ml/min calculated by Cockcroft-Gault. Dose increased to 10mg per day with cycles 2-12 unless there was evidence of disease progression or unacceptable drug toxicity. Patients with renal impairment (creatinine clearance ≥ 30ml/min but < 50ml/min) were started on 2.5mg/day in cycle 1, increasing to 5mg/day in subsequent cycles. Lenalidomide was interrupted with any grade 3-4 toxicity and recommenced at a dose 2.5mg lower than previously once toxicity had resolved. Treatment was discontinued upon disease progression or with unacceptable drug toxicity.
    Arm type
    Experimental

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Lenalidomide
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Revlimid
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Capsule
    Routes of administration
    Oral use
    Dosage and administration details
    Lenalidomide should be taken day 1 -28 of each cycle. 5 mg/day in cycle 1, increased to 10 mg/day for cycles 2 - 12 in the absence of toxicity. If a patient demonstrated renal impairment (creatinine clearance ≥ 30ml/min but < 50ml/min) start dose was 2.5 mg/day for the first cycle and increased to 5 mg/day. Lenalidomide capsules were taken at approximately the same time each day. The capsules were not opened, broken or chewed. The capsules were swallowed whole, preferably with water, either with or without food.

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Dexamethasone
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Tablet
    Routes of administration
    Oral use
    Dosage and administration details
    20 mg/day for days 1-4 per cycle only. Dexamethasone was taken by mouth. Tablets swere swallowed whole with water. Tablets were not crushed or chewed.

    Number of subjects in period 1
    Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone
    Started
    12
    Start of cycle 2
    9
    Start of cycle 3
    7
    Start of cycle 4
    6
    Start of cycle 5
    5
    Start of cycle 6
    5
    Start of cycle 7
    3
    Start of cycle 8
    3
    Start of cycle 9
    3
    Start of cycle 10
    3
    Start of cycle 11
    3
    Start of cycle 12
    3
    Completed
    3
    Not completed
    9
         Adverse event, serious fatal
    1
         Physician decision
    1
         Adverse event, non-fatal
    3
         Lack of efficacy
    4

    Baseline characteristics

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    Baseline characteristics reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Overall trial
    Reporting group description
    -

    Reporting group values
    Overall trial Total
    Number of subjects
    12 12
    Age categorical
    Age
    Units: Subjects
        In utero
    0 0
        Preterm newborn infants (gestational age < 37 wks)
    0 0
        Newborns (0-27 days)
    0 0
        Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    0 0
        Children (2-11 years)
    0 0
        Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0 0
        Adults (18-64 years)
    6 6
        From 65-84 years
    6 6
        85 years and over
    0 0
    Gender categorical
    Gender
    Units: Subjects
        Female
    0 0
        Male
    12 12
    WHO performance status
    WHO performance status at registration
    Units: Subjects
        Grade 0
    6 6
        Grade 1
    4 4
        Grade 2
    2 2
    IgVH mutational analysis
    CLL patients can be divided into 2 basic groups on the basis of the mutational status of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable-region (IgVH ) gene in leukemic cells: patients with IgVH gene mutations have longer survival than those without.
    Units: Subjects
        Mutated
    0 0
        Unmutated
    9 9
        Missing/Not known
    3 3
    Lymphadenopathy/CLL
    The presence of lymphadenopathy/CLL in the lymph nodes visible on CT scan.
    Units: Subjects
        Lymphadenopathy present
    12 12
    Bone marrow assessment
    The presence of disease in the bone marrow
    Units: Subjects
        Aspirate and trephine involvement
    12 12
    Disease assessment (modified 3-stage system)
    Units: Subjects
        Low risk
    1 1
        Intermediate risk
    1 1
        High risk
    10 10
    Previous lines of treatment
    No of previous lines of treatment each patient had
    Units: Number
        median (full range (min-max))
    5 (2 to 9) -
    Haemoglobin
    Units: g/dl
        median (full range (min-max))
    11.9 (9.6 to 17.6) -
    Neutrophil count
    Units: x10^9/l
        median (full range (min-max))
    5.9 (0.1 to 18.4) -
    White blood cell count
    Units: x10^9/l
        median (full range (min-max))
    42.6 (2.4 to 167.3) -
    Lymphocyte count
    Units: x10^9/l
        median (full range (min-max))
    33.4 (1.8 to 155.6) -
    Platelet count
    Units: x10^9/l
        median (full range (min-max))
    117.5 (12 to 225) -
    Monocyte count
    Units: x10^9/l
        median (full range (min-max))
    0.8 (0 to 3.9) -

    End points

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    End points reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone
    Reporting group description
    Patients received up to twelve 28-day cycles of treatment. Each cycle consisted of: 1. Oral Dexamethasone (20mg daily, days 1-4), 2. Oral Lenalidomide on days 1-28 of each cycle, starting at 5mg per day in cycle 1 in patients with creatinine clearance ≥ 50ml/min calculated by Cockcroft-Gault. Dose increased to 10mg per day with cycles 2-12 unless there was evidence of disease progression or unacceptable drug toxicity. Patients with renal impairment (creatinine clearance ≥ 30ml/min but < 50ml/min) were started on 2.5mg/day in cycle 1, increasing to 5mg/day in subsequent cycles. Lenalidomide was interrupted with any grade 3-4 toxicity and recommenced at a dose 2.5mg lower than previously once toxicity had resolved. Treatment was discontinued upon disease progression or with unacceptable drug toxicity.

    Primary: Overall response rate

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    End point title
    Overall response rate [1]
    End point description
    Proportion of patients who achieve objective response (CR+PR) according to the updated 1996 NCIWG criteria measured at 4 weeks after the completion of chemotherapy.
    End point type
    Primary
    End point timeframe
    Measured 4 weeks after last treatment administration.
    Notes
    [1] - No statistical analyses have been specified for this primary end point. It is expected there is at least one statistical analysis for each primary end point.
    Justification: This primary endpoint represents numbers of patients achieving a response. No specific statistical analysis is necessary to establish numbers of patients. Furthermore, due to the small sample size, statistical analysis would not be possible.
    End point values
    Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone
    Number of subjects analysed
    12
    Units: Number of patients achieving response
        Complete response
    0
        Partial response
    3
        Stable disease
    2
        Progressive disease
    5
        Not assessable
    2
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Primary: Toxicity

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    End point title
    Toxicity [2]
    End point description
    Proportion of patients suffering grade 3 or 4 toxicity (excluding neutropenia) as assessed by the NCI Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (Version 4.03) including an assessment of the frequency of tumour flare reactions.
    End point type
    Primary
    End point timeframe
    From start of treatment until patient withdrew from treatment or completed all chemotherapy cycles.
    Notes
    [2] - No statistical analyses have been specified for this primary end point. It is expected there is at least one statistical analysis for each primary end point.
    Justification: This primary endpoint is the proportion of patients suffering grade 3 or 4 adverse events. No specific statistical analysis is necessary to establish the percentage of patients. This can be calculated using the numbers of patients on the trial and number suffering grade 3 or 4 adverse events. Furthermore, due to the small sample size, statistical analysis would not be possible.
    End point values
    Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone
    Number of subjects analysed
    12
    Units: Percentage
    92
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Duration of response

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    End point title
    Duration of response
    End point description
    For patients who achieve objective response, duration of response is defined as time from the first date of a confirmed disease response to the first date of diagnosis of progressive disease or death due to any cause. Censoring will occur on the date of last study assessment with non-missing response.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    From the date of the patient's first objective response in the study to the date of progression or death.
    End point values
    Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone
    Number of subjects analysed
    4 [3]
    Units: Months
        median (full range (min-max))
    3.3 (1.9 to 10.3)
    Notes
    [3] - Four patients achieved a partial response during the study and subsequently progressed.
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Time to next treatment

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    End point title
    Time to next treatment
    End point description
    Time to next treatment is defined as time from the date of trial registration to the date of next non-protocol treatment or death due to any cause.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    During the follow-up of patients after the completion/termination of their study treatment.
    End point values
    Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone
    Number of subjects analysed
    9
    Units: months
        median (full range (min-max))
    6.6 (0.9 to 15.2)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Adverse events

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    Adverse events information
    Timeframe for reporting adverse events
    All adverse events that occurred between informed consent and 30 days post last trial treatment administration were reported.
    Adverse event reporting additional description
    Adverse events were recorded in the patient notes and reported to the coordinating centre via the trial CRFs. Those meeting the definition of a Serious Adverse Event (SAE) were reported using the trial specific SAE Report. Causality assessment to study IMPs was performed by site investigator and/or study CI.
    Assessment type
    Systematic
    Dictionary used for adverse event reporting
    Dictionary name
    CTCAE
    Dictionary version
    4.03
    Reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone
    Reporting group description
    Twelve 28-day cycles of treatment. Each cycle will consist of: 1. Oral Dexamethasone (20mg daily, days 1-4), 2. Oral Lenalidomide on days 1-28 of each cycle, starting at 5mg per day in cycle 1 in patients with creatinine clearance ≥ 50ml/min calculated by Cockcroft-Gault. The dose will be increased to 10mg per day with cycles 2-12 unless there is evidence of disease progression or unacceptable drug toxicity. Patients with renal impairment at baseline are started on 2.5 mg/day in cycle 1, increasing to 5 mg/day in subsequent cycles.

    Serious adverse events
    Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone
    Total subjects affected by serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    9 / 12 (75.00%)
         number of deaths (all causes)
    7
         number of deaths resulting from adverse events
    1
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Diarrhoea
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Colonic perforation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    Hiccups
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Renal and urinary disorders
    Acute kidney injury
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    2 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Infections and infestations
    Febrile neutropenia
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 12 (16.67%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    2 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Infection of unknown source
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 12 (16.67%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Lung infection
    Additional description: (includes reported event term lower respiratory infection)
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 12 (25.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    2 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Sepsis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Bladder infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Frequency threshold for reporting non-serious adverse events: 5%
    Non-serious adverse events
    Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone
    Total subjects affected by non serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    12 / 12 (100.00%)
    Vascular disorders
    Hypotension
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    Thromboembolic event
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    General disorders and administration site conditions
    Aggression
    Additional description: Not a CTCAE term
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    Non-cardiac chest pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    Cramp
    Additional description: Not a CTCAE term
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 12 (25.00%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    Decreased appetite
    Additional description: Not a CTCAE term
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 12 (25.00%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    Edema limbs
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 12 (16.67%)
         occurrences all number
    4
    Fatigue
         subjects affected / exposed
    10 / 12 (83.33%)
         occurrences all number
    22
    Fever
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    Flu-like symptoms
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    Gout
    Additional description: Not a CTCAE term
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    Immune system disorders
    Allergic reaction
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    Reproductive system and breast disorders
    Genital edema
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    Cough
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 12 (25.00%)
         occurrences all number
    4
    Dyspnea
         subjects affected / exposed
    7 / 12 (58.33%)
         occurrences all number
    13
    Productive cough
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 12 (16.67%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    Psychiatric disorders
    Confusion
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    Mania
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    Insomnia
         subjects affected / exposed
    6 / 12 (50.00%)
         occurrences all number
    7
    Mood swings
    Additional description: Not a CTCAE term
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    Investigations
    Aspartate aminotransferase increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 12 (16.67%)
         occurrences all number
    7
    Alanine aminotransferase increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    Creatinine increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    6 / 12 (50.00%)
         occurrences all number
    19
    Decreased immunoglobulins
    Additional description: Not a CTCAE term
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    Urea elevated
    Additional description: Not a CTCAE term
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 12 (16.67%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    Blood bilirubin increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    Weight loss
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 12 (16.67%)
         occurrences all number
    4
    Nervous system disorders
    Dizziness
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 12 (25.00%)
         occurrences all number
    5
    Headache
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    Peripheral (sensory/motor) neuropathy
    Additional description: Not a CTCAE term
         subjects affected / exposed
    4 / 12 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    7
    Blood and lymphatic system disorders
    Anaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    5 / 12 (41.67%)
         occurrences all number
    8
    Neutropenia
         subjects affected / exposed
    9 / 12 (75.00%)
         occurrences all number
    24
    Platelet count decreased
         subjects affected / exposed
    9 / 12 (75.00%)
         occurrences all number
    32
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Constipation
         subjects affected / exposed
    6 / 12 (50.00%)
         occurrences all number
    19
    Diarrhoea
         subjects affected / exposed
    6 / 12 (50.00%)
         occurrences all number
    19
    Heartburn
    Additional description: Not a CTCAE term
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 12 (16.67%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    Hiccups
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    Nausea
         subjects affected / exposed
    5 / 12 (41.67%)
         occurrences all number
    7
    Stomach pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 12 (16.67%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    PR bleeding
    Additional description: not a CTCAE term
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
    Dry skin
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    Rash
    Additional description: Not a CTCAE term
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 12 (16.67%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    Renal and urinary disorders
    Haematuria
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    Urinary incontinence
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    Renal and urinary disorders - other
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
    Generalised muscle weakness
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 12 (16.67%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    Myalgia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    Infections and infestations
    Chest infection
    Additional description: Not a CTCAE term
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 12 (25.00%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    Upper respiratory tract infection
    Additional description: Not a CTCAE term
         subjects affected / exposed
    4 / 12 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    4
    Lung infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    Papulopustular rash
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 12 (16.67%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    Rhinitis infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    Sepsis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    Tooth infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    Urinary tract infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 12 (8.33%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    Metabolism and nutrition disorders
    Hypernatraemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 12 (16.67%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    Hypocalcaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    6 / 12 (50.00%)
         occurrences all number
    8
    Hypokalaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 12 (16.67%)
         occurrences all number
    2

    More information

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    Substantial protocol amendments (globally)

    Were there any global substantial amendments to the protocol? No

    Interruptions (globally)

    Were there any global interruptions to the trial? No

    Limitations and caveats

    Limitations of the trial such as small numbers of subjects analysed or technical problems leading to unreliable data.
    Following discussions with the trial management group, the LenD study was closed to recruitment on the 12th December 2014 due to continuing poor recruitment. There were no necessary changes to the protocol. Patients were continued to be followed up.
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    The status and protocol content of GB trials is no longer updated since 1 January 2021. For the UK, as of 31 January 2021, EU Law applies only to the territory of Northern Ireland (NI) to the extent foreseen in the Protocol on Ireland/NI. Legal notice
    As of 31 January 2023, all EU/EEA initial clinical trial applications must be submitted through CTIS . Updated EudraCT trials information and information on PIP/Art 46 trials conducted exclusively in third countries continues to be submitted through EudraCT and published on this website.

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