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    Clinical Trial Results:
    PRe-exposure Option for reducing HIV in the UK: an open-label randomisation to immediate or Deferred daily Truvada for HIV negative gay men

    Summary
    EudraCT number
    2012-002373-56
    Trial protocol
    GB  
    Global end of trial date
    28 Oct 2016

    Results information
    Results version number
    v1(current)
    This version publication date
    23 Dec 2017
    First version publication date
    23 Dec 2017
    Other versions
    Summary report(s)
    PROUD_Lancet_2015

    Trial information

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    Trial identification
    Sponsor protocol code
    PROUD
    Additional study identifiers
    ISRCTN number
    ISRCTN94465371
    US NCT number
    NCT02065986
    WHO universal trial number (UTN)
    -
    Sponsors
    Sponsor organisation name
    Medical Research Council
    Sponsor organisation address
    2nd Floor, David Phillips Building, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon, United Kingdom, SN2 1FL
    Public contact
    PROUD trial team, Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, +44 02076704783, proud.mrcctu@ucl.ac.uk
    Scientific contact
    PROUD trial team, Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, +44 02076704783, proud.mrcctu@ucl.ac.uk
    Paediatric regulatory details
    Is trial part of an agreed paediatric investigation plan (PIP)
    No
    Does article 45 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Does article 46 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Results analysis stage
    Analysis stage
    Final
    Date of interim/final analysis
    10 Jun 2015
    Is this the analysis of the primary completion data?
    Yes
    Primary completion date
    10 Jun 2015
    Global end of trial reached?
    Yes
    Global end of trial date
    28 Oct 2016
    Was the trial ended prematurely?
    No
    General information about the trial
    Main objective of the trial
    The purpose of this pilot is to determine whether it is feasibile to conduct a large trial in the UK to determine whether the immediate inclusion of anti-retroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) as part of the HIV risk reduction package for men who have sex with men is clinically effective and cost-effective in reducing the risk of acquiring HIV.
    Protection of trial subjects
    The protocol was amended to accommodate and implement the IDMC and Trial Steering Committee recommendation in October 2014, namely that daily oral Truvada be offered to all participants in the PROUD pilot study as soon as possible and continued through to the end of the study. The recommendation was made primarily on the basis of safety, and was based on a significant and potentially preventable risk of HIV infection in the deferred group compared to the immediate group. Note: Follow-up was scheduled to end in May 2016 but continued to Oct 2016 in order to provide PrEP to participants that still needed it.
    Background therapy
    -
    Evidence for comparator
    -
    Actual start date of recruitment
    29 Nov 2012
    Long term follow-up planned
    Yes
    Long term follow-up rationale
    Scientific research
    Long term follow-up duration
    2 Years
    Independent data monitoring committee (IDMC) involvement?
    Yes
    Population of trial subjects
    Number of subjects enrolled per country
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    United Kingdom: 544
    Worldwide total number of subjects
    544
    EEA total number of subjects
    544
    Number of subjects enrolled per age group
    In utero
    0
    Preterm newborn - gestational age < 37 wk
    0
    Newborns (0-27 days)
    0
    Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    0
    Children (2-11 years)
    0
    Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0
    Adults (18-64 years)
    538
    From 65 to 84 years
    6
    85 years and over
    0

    Subject disposition

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    Recruitment
    Recruitment details
    Recruitment ran between November 29, 2012 and continued until April 30, 2014 in 13 sexual health clinics in England

    Pre-assignment
    Screening details
    Eligibility criteria: male at birth, 18 years or older, previously attended enrolling clinic, screened for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, HIV negative by routinely used assay in previous 4 weeks or on day of enrolment, reported anal intercourse without a condom in the previous 90 days and likely to occur again in next 90 days.

    Period 1
    Period 1 title
    Deferred phase (overall period)
    Is this the baseline period?
    Yes
    Allocation method
    Randomised - controlled
    Blinding used
    Not blinded

    Arms
    Are arms mutually exclusive
    Yes

    Arm title
    Immediate
    Arm description
    Participants received prescription of PrEP at randomisation
    Arm type
    Experimental

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Truvada
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Film-coated tablet
    Routes of administration
    Oral use
    Dosage and administration details
    Fixed dose combination of 200 mg of emtricitabine and 245 mg of tenofovir disoproxil (equivalent to 300 mg of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate or 136 mg of tenofovir) once daily

    Arm title
    Deferred
    Arm description
    Deferred PrEP initiation until week 48 or 13 October 2014, whichever was earliest. Note: The deferred period was originally planned to last for 12 months. The change reflects the IDMC and TSC recommendation to offer all participants PrEP in October 2014.
    Arm type
    No intervention

    Investigational medicinal product name
    No investigational medicinal product assigned in this arm
    Number of subjects in period 1
    Immediate Deferred
    Started
    275
    269
    Completed
    247
    235
    Not completed
    28
    34
         Adverse event, serious fatal
    1
    -
         Consent withdrawn by subject
    3
    4
         HIV infection at baseline
    2
    1
         Lost to follow-up
    22
    29

    Baseline characteristics

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    Baseline characteristics reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Immediate
    Reporting group description
    Participants received prescription of PrEP at randomisation

    Reporting group title
    Deferred
    Reporting group description
    Deferred PrEP initiation until week 48 or 13 October 2014, whichever was earliest. Note: The deferred period was originally planned to last for 12 months. The change reflects the IDMC and TSC recommendation to offer all participants PrEP in October 2014.

    Reporting group values
    Immediate Deferred Total
    Number of subjects
    275 269 544
    Age categorical
    Units: Subjects
        In utero
    0 0 0
        Preterm newborn infants (gestational age < 37 wks)
    0 0 0
        Newborns (0-27 days)
    0 0 0
        Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    0 0 0
        Children (2-11 years)
    0 0 0
        Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0 0 0
        Adults (18-64 years)
    271 267 538
        From 65-84 years
    4 2 6
        85 years and over
    0 0 0
    Gender categorical
    Units: Subjects
        Female
    0 0 0
        Male
    272 265 537
        Missing
    3 4 7
    Employment status
    Units: Subjects
        Employed
    249 245 494
        Unemployed
    24 20 44
        Missing
    2 4 6
    Education status
    Units: Subjects
        University degree
    161 166 327
        No University degree
    111 101 212
        Missing
    3 2 5
    Country of birth
    Units: Subjects
        UK
    162 160 322
        Outside of UK
    110 107 217
        Missing
    3 2 5
    Relationship status
    Units: Subjects
        Partner, living together
    87 73 160
        Partner, living separately
    40 46 86
        No partner
    146 147 293
        Missing
    2 3 5
    Circumcision status
    Units: Subjects
        Circumcised
    77 79 156
        Not circumcised
    194 186 380
        Missing
    4 4 8
    Chemsex in past 90 days
    Use of either γ-hydroxybutyrate, 4-methylmethcathinone, or methamphetamine to facilitate or enhance sex
    Units: Subjects
        Yes
    115 116 231
        No
    151 143 294
        Missing
    9 10 19
    Used post-exposure prophylaxis in past 12 months
    Units: Subjects
        Yes
    91 93 184
        No
    167 159 326
        Missing
    17 17 34
    Ethnicity
    Units: Subjects
        White
    220 219 439
        Asian
    14 15 29
        Black
    11 10 21
        Other
    28 21 49
        Missing
    2 4 6
    Any STI diagnosed in past 12 months
    Units: Subjects
        Yes
    164 167 331
        No
    98 92 190
        Missing
    13 10 23
    Bacterial STI diagnosed in the past 12 months
    Units: Subjects
        Yes
    150 155 305
        No
    112 104 216
        Missing
    13 10 23
    Rectal gonorrhoea or chlamydia diagnosed in past 12 months
    Units: Subjects
        Yes
    89 83 172
        No
    173 176 349
        Missing
    13 10 23
    HIV tests in past 12 months
    Units: Number
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    3 (2 to 4) 3 (2 to 4) -

    End points

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    End points reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Immediate
    Reporting group description
    Participants received prescription of PrEP at randomisation

    Reporting group title
    Deferred
    Reporting group description
    Deferred PrEP initiation until week 48 or 13 October 2014, whichever was earliest. Note: The deferred period was originally planned to last for 12 months. The change reflects the IDMC and TSC recommendation to offer all participants PrEP in October 2014.

    Primary: HIV infections

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    End point title
    HIV infections
    End point description
    Compare HIV infections between trial arms during the deferred phase
    End point type
    Primary
    End point timeframe
    Deferred phase
    End point values
    Immediate Deferred
    Number of subjects analysed
    247
    235
    Units: Rate per 100PY
        number (confidence interval 90%)
    1.2 (0.4 to 2.9)
    9.0 (6.1 to 12.8)
    Statistical analysis title
    Primary analysis
    Comparison groups
    Immediate v Deferred
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    482
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.0001
    Method
    Exact Poisson regression
    Parameter type
    Rate ratio (RR)
    Point estimate
    7.3
    Confidence interval
         level
    90%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    2.8
         upper limit
    23.3

    Secondary: Bacterial sexually transmitted infections

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    End point title
    Bacterial sexually transmitted infections
    End point description
    Compare rates of STIs between trial arms during the deferred phase
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    During the deferred phase
    End point values
    Immediate Deferred
    Number of subjects analysed
    265
    247
    Units: No. of infections
        Any
    152
    124
        Gonorrhoea
    103
    89
        Chlamydia
    77
    54
        Syphilis
    30
    22
        Rectal gonorrhoea or chlamydia
    93
    77
    Statistical analysis title
    Comparison of any bacterial STI
    Statistical analysis description
    Comparing proportion with STI using logistic regression, adjusting for number of screens
    Comparison groups
    Immediate v Deferred
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    512
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    other
    P-value
    = 0.74
    Method
    Regression, Logistic
    Parameter type
    Odds ratio (OR)
    Point estimate
    1.07
    Confidence interval
         level
    90%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.78
         upper limit
    1.48
    Statistical analysis title
    Comparison of gonorrhoea
    Statistical analysis description
    Comparing proportion with STI using logistic regression, adjusting for number of screens
    Comparison groups
    Deferred v Immediate
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    512
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    other
    P-value
    = 0.46
    Method
    Regression, Logistic
    Parameter type
    Odds ratio (OR)
    Point estimate
    0.86
    Confidence interval
         level
    90%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.62
         upper limit
    1.2
    Statistical analysis title
    Comparison of chlamydia
    Statistical analysis description
    Comparing proportion with STI using logistic regression, adjusting for number of screens
    Comparison groups
    Deferred v Immediate
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    512
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    other
    P-value
    = 0.27
    Method
    Regression, Logistic
    Parameter type
    Odds ratio (OR)
    Point estimate
    1.27
    Confidence interval
         level
    90%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.89
         upper limit
    1.8
    Statistical analysis title
    Comparison of syphilis
    Statistical analysis description
    Comparing proportion with STI using logistic regression, adjusting for number of screens
    Comparison groups
    Immediate v Deferred
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    512
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    other
    P-value
    = 0.39
    Method
    Regression, Logistic
    Parameter type
    Odds ratio (OR)
    Point estimate
    1.29
    Confidence interval
         level
    90%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.79
         upper limit
    2.1
    Statistical analysis title
    Comparison of rectal gonorrhoea or chlamydia
    Statistical analysis description
    Comparing proportion with STI using logistic regression, adjusting for number of screens
    Comparison groups
    Deferred v Immediate
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    512
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    other
    P-value
    = 0.99
    Method
    Regression, Logistic
    Parameter type
    Odds ratio (OR)
    Point estimate
    1
    Confidence interval
         level
    90%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.72
         upper limit
    1.38

    Secondary: Sexual behaviour

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    End point title
    Sexual behaviour
    End point description
    Compare the sexual behaviour between trial arms during the deferred phase
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Deferred phase
    End point values
    Immediate Deferred
    Number of subjects analysed
    210
    193
    Units: Participants
        0 partners
    41
    42
        1 partner
    46
    51
        2-4 partners
    49
    51
        5-9 partners
    30
    25
        10-19 partners
    26
    13
        20+ partners
    18
    11
    Statistical analysis title
    Comparison of change in sexual behaviour
    Statistical analysis description
    Change in number of receptive anal intercourse partners without a partner from baseline to the end of the deferred phase
    Comparison groups
    Immediate v Deferred
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    403
    Analysis specification
    Post-hoc
    Analysis type
    other [1]
    P-value
    = 0.03
    Method
    Regression, Linear
    Confidence interval
    Notes
    [1] - Linear regression (for category number) adjusting for number of partners at baseline

    Secondary: PrEP prescription

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    End point title
    PrEP prescription [2]
    End point description
    The mean percentage of days covered by prescription of study drug
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Deferred phase
    Notes
    [2] - The end point is not reporting statistics for all the arms in the baseline period. It is expected all the baseline period arms will be reported on when providing values for an end point on the baseline period.
    Justification: This is not a relevant outcome for the deferred arm since they did not have access to study drug during this period
    End point values
    Immediate
    Number of subjects analysed
    275
    Units: Percentage
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    0.88 ( 0.25 )
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Adverse events

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    Adverse events information
    Timeframe for reporting adverse events
    SAEs - randomisation to end of the trial AEs - randomisation to end of deferred phase in ppts in immediate group who interrupted/stopped treatment
    Assessment type
    Systematic
    Dictionary used for adverse event reporting
    Dictionary name
    MedDRA
    Dictionary version
    18
    Reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Participants
    Reporting group description
    pooled over study arms

    Serious adverse events
    Participants
    Total subjects affected by serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    85 / 544 (15.63%)
         number of deaths (all causes)
    2
         number of deaths resulting from adverse events
    2
    Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps)
    Colorectal cancer
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Vascular disorders
    Orthostatic hypotension
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Pulmonary embolism
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    Surgical and medical procedures
    Surgery
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 544 (0.37%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Abscess drainage
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Intervertebral disc operation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Removal of internal fixation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Tendon operation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Liver transplant
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Immune system disorders
    Anaphylactic reaction
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 544 (0.37%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Social circumstances
    Physical assault
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Reproductive system and breast disorders
    Epididymitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Orchitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 544 (0.37%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Priapism
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Testicular swelling
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Testicular torsion
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    Chest pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 544 (0.37%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Dyspnoea
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Pneumonia
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 544 (0.37%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    Sinusitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Psychiatric disorders
    Confusional state
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Depression
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Drug withdrawal syndrome
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Panic attack
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 544 (0.37%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Suicidal ideation
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 544 (0.37%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Suicide attempt
         subjects affected / exposed
    4 / 544 (0.74%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 4
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Psychotic disorder
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 544 (0.37%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Investigations
    Liver function test abnormal
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Injury, poisoning and procedural complications
    Accidental overdose
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Accidental poisoning
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Head injury
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Overdose
         subjects affected / exposed
    5 / 544 (0.92%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 5
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Post procedural haematuria
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Road traffic accident
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Substance-induced psychotic disorder
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Nervous system disorders
    Cerebrovascular accident
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Loss of consciousness
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 544 (0.37%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Blood and lymphatic system disorders
    Iron deficiency anaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Abdominal pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 544 (0.37%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Anal abscess
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 544 (0.37%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Appendicitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 544 (0.55%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Constipation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Diarrhoea
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 544 (0.55%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Food poisoning
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Gastric varices haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Gastroenteritis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Pancreatitis acute
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Pancreatitis chronic
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Peritonitis bacterial
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Hepatobiliary disorders
    Ascites
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 544 (0.37%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Biliary sepsis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
    Cellulitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Skin infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Renal and urinary disorders
    Renal pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Urinary tract infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
    Hand fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Intervertebral disc protrusion
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Musculoskeletal chest pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Arthropathy
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Ankle fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Joint dislocation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Lower limb fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Humerus fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Multiple fractures
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Spinal fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Upper limb fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Infections and infestations
    Acute hepatitis C
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 544 (0.55%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Acute HIV infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 544 (0.37%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Device related infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Diarrhoea infectious
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Gastroenteritis bacterial
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Gastroenteritis shigella
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 544 (0.55%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Injection site abscess
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Joint abscess
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Mumps
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Shigella infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Staphylococcal bacteraemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Metabolism and nutrition disorders
    Dehydration
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Diabetes mellitus
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Hypokalaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 544 (0.18%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Frequency threshold for reporting non-serious adverse events: 0%
    Non-serious adverse events
    Participants
    Total subjects affected by non serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    21 / 544 (3.86%)
    Investigations
    serum creatinine increased
         subjects affected / exposed [1]
    3 / 275 (1.09%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    abnormal liver function tests
         subjects affected / exposed [2]
    1 / 275 (0.36%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    Injury, poisoning and procedural complications
    Fall
         subjects affected / exposed [3]
    1 / 275 (0.36%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    Nervous system disorders
    Headache
         subjects affected / exposed [4]
    2 / 275 (0.73%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    General disorders and administration site conditions
    Flu like illness
         subjects affected / exposed [5]
    1 / 275 (0.36%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Nausea
         subjects affected / exposed [6]
    4 / 275 (1.45%)
         occurrences all number
    4
    Gastroenteritis
         subjects affected / exposed [7]
    1 / 275 (0.36%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    Chest pain
         subjects affected / exposed [8]
    3 / 275 (1.09%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
    Lipoatrophy
         subjects affected / exposed [9]
    1 / 275 (0.36%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    Psychiatric disorders
    Depression
         subjects affected / exposed [10]
    2 / 275 (0.73%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    Anxiety
         subjects affected / exposed [11]
    2 / 275 (0.73%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    Manic depression
         subjects affected / exposed [12]
    1 / 275 (0.36%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
    chest pain musculoskeletal
         subjects affected / exposed [13]
    1 / 275 (0.36%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    polyarthralgia
         subjects affected / exposed [14]
    1 / 275 (0.36%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    Arthralgia
         subjects affected / exposed [15]
    2 / 275 (0.73%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    loin pain
         subjects affected / exposed [16]
    1 / 275 (0.36%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    Infections and infestations
    Hospital acquired pneumonia
         subjects affected / exposed [17]
    1 / 275 (0.36%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    Notes
    [1] - The number of subjects exposed to this adverse event is less than the total number of subjects exposed for the reporting group. These numbers are expected to be equal.
    Justification: reporting for ppts in immediate group who interrupted/stopped treatment
    [2] - The number of subjects exposed to this adverse event is less than the total number of subjects exposed for the reporting group. These numbers are expected to be equal.
    Justification: reporting for ppts in immediate group who interrupted/stopped treatment
    [3] - The number of subjects exposed to this adverse event is less than the total number of subjects exposed for the reporting group. These numbers are expected to be equal.
    Justification: reporting for ppts in immediate group who interrupted/stopped treatment
    [4] - The number of subjects exposed to this adverse event is less than the total number of subjects exposed for the reporting group. These numbers are expected to be equal.
    Justification: reporting for ppts in immediate group who interrupted/stopped treatment
    [5] - The number of subjects exposed to this adverse event is less than the total number of subjects exposed for the reporting group. These numbers are expected to be equal.
    Justification: reporting for ppts in immediate group who interrupted/stopped treatment
    [6] - The number of subjects exposed to this adverse event is less than the total number of subjects exposed for the reporting group. These numbers are expected to be equal.
    Justification: reporting for ppts in immediate group who interrupted/stopped treatment
    [7] - The number of subjects exposed to this adverse event is less than the total number of subjects exposed for the reporting group. These numbers are expected to be equal.
    Justification: reporting for ppts in immediate group who interrupted/stopped treatment
    [8] - The number of subjects exposed to this adverse event is less than the total number of subjects exposed for the reporting group. These numbers are expected to be equal.
    Justification: reporting for ppts in immediate group who interrupted/stopped treatment
    [9] - The number of subjects exposed to this adverse event is less than the total number of subjects exposed for the reporting group. These numbers are expected to be equal.
    Justification: reporting for ppts in immediate group who interrupted/stopped treatment
    [10] - The number of subjects exposed to this adverse event is less than the total number of subjects exposed for the reporting group. These numbers are expected to be equal.
    Justification: reporting for ppts in immediate group who interrupted/stopped treatment
    [11] - The number of subjects exposed to this adverse event is less than the total number of subjects exposed for the reporting group. These numbers are expected to be equal.
    Justification: reporting for ppts in immediate group who interrupted/stopped treatment
    [12] - The number of subjects exposed to this adverse event is less than the total number of subjects exposed for the reporting group. These numbers are expected to be equal.
    Justification: reporting for ppts in immediate group who interrupted/stopped treatment
    [13] - The number of subjects exposed to this adverse event is less than the total number of subjects exposed for the reporting group. These numbers are expected to be equal.
    Justification: reporting for ppts in immediate group who interrupted/stopped treatment
    [14] - The number of subjects exposed to this adverse event is less than the total number of subjects exposed for the reporting group. These numbers are expected to be equal.
    Justification: reporting for ppts in immediate group who interrupted/stopped treatment
    [15] - The number of subjects exposed to this adverse event is less than the total number of subjects exposed for the reporting group. These numbers are expected to be equal.
    Justification: reporting for ppts in immediate group who interrupted/stopped treatment
    [16] - The number of subjects exposed to this adverse event is less than the total number of subjects exposed for the reporting group. These numbers are expected to be equal.
    Justification: reporting for ppts in immediate group who interrupted/stopped treatment
    [17] - The number of subjects exposed to this adverse event is less than the total number of subjects exposed for the reporting group. These numbers are expected to be equal.
    Justification: reporting for ppts in immediate group who interrupted/stopped treatment

    More information

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    Substantial protocol amendments (globally)

    Were there any global substantial amendments to the protocol? Yes
    Date
    Amendment
    27 Feb 2013
    Update to CTA - clarification that Truvada of primary use in the study is Gilead clinical trial stock. Commercial stock details added as use in emergency if clinical need
    19 Sep 2013
    The update provided updated relevant results, clarified that the recruitment strategies would be broader than clinics and that follow-up data could be collected within the GUM clinic network as this is more convenient for the participants and provided additional detail on the quantitative and qualitative data collection. Section 5 was been updated as it may have been necessary to post drugs. Further details were provided about one to one and group discussions and included the related PIS, IC and one to one interview guide. The Investigators wished to clarify that discontinuation of Truvada is only a Serious Adverse Event when the clinician decided they would never prescribe Truvada again (section 7), and that soundex would be needed in addition to date of birth to cross-check the PHE database for HIV endpoints (section 8). In line with MRC CTU and international guidelines, we have expanded the oversight to include Participant Involvement meetings, and clarified the independent data monitoring that we have implemented on the recommendation of the Trial Steering Committee (section 14).
    17 Oct 2014
    Protocol 1.3 - The protocol was amended to accommodate and implement the Trial Steering Committee recommendation of 9th October 2014, namely that daily oral Truvada be offered to all participants in the PROUD pilot study as soon as possible and continued through to the end of the study.

    Interruptions (globally)

    Were there any global interruptions to the trial? No

    Limitations and caveats

    Limitations of the trial such as small numbers of subjects analysed or technical problems leading to unreliable data.
    None reported

    Online references

    http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26364263
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