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    Clinical Trial Results:
    Tranexamic acid for the treatment of gastrointestinal haemorrhage: an international randomised, double blind placebo controlled trial

    Summary
    EudraCT number
    2012-003192-19
    Trial protocol
    GB   RO   ES   IE  
    Global end of trial date
    19 Jul 2019

    Results information
    Results version number
    v1(current)
    This version publication date
    07 Aug 2020
    First version publication date
    07 Aug 2020
    Other versions
    Summary report(s)
    HALT-IT publication
    HALT-IT The Lancet figures
    HALT-IT The Lancet supplementary files

    Trial information

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    Trial identification
    Sponsor protocol code
    ISRCTN11225767
    Additional study identifiers
    ISRCTN number
    ISRCTN11225767
    US NCT number
    NCT01658124
    WHO universal trial number (UTN)
    -
    Sponsors
    Sponsor organisation name
    London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
    Sponsor organisation address
    Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom, WC1E 7HT
    Public contact
    Haleema Shakur-Still, London School Of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, +44 02079588113, haleema.shakur-still@lshtm.ac.uk
    Scientific contact
    Ian Roberts, London School Of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, +44 02079588113, Ian.roberts@lshtm.ac.uk
    Paediatric regulatory details
    Is trial part of an agreed paediatric investigation plan (PIP)
    No
    Does article 45 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Does article 46 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Results analysis stage
    Analysis stage
    Final
    Date of interim/final analysis
    04 Nov 2019
    Is this the analysis of the primary completion data?
    Yes
    Primary completion date
    19 Jul 2019
    Global end of trial reached?
    Yes
    Global end of trial date
    19 Jul 2019
    Was the trial ended prematurely?
    No
    General information about the trial
    Main objective of the trial
    The HALT-IT trial will find out whether early administration of tranexamic acid improves outcomes for people who suffered of significant gastrointestinal bleeding. The main outcome is death from haemorrhage within 5 days of randomisation. We will also assess the cause of death.
    Protection of trial subjects
    The trial was done in accordance with the good clinical practice guidelines by the International Conference on Harmonisation. The procedure at each site was approved by the relevant ethics committee and regulatory agencies. Consent was obtained from participants if their physical and mental capacity allowed (as judged by the treating clinician). If a participant was unable to give consent, proxy consent was obtained from a relative or representative. If a proxy was unavailable, then if permitted by local regulation, consent was waived. When consent was waived or given by a proxy, the participant was informed about the trial as soon as possible, and consent was obtained for ongoing data collection, if needed.
    Background therapy
    -
    Evidence for comparator
    -
    Actual start date of recruitment
    04 Jul 2013
    Long term follow-up planned
    No
    Independent data monitoring committee (IDMC) involvement?
    Yes
    Population of trial subjects
    Number of subjects enrolled per country
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Romania: 287
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Spain: 17
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    United Kingdom: 4751
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Pakistan: 4420
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Egypt: 709
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Nigeria: 770
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Australia: 11
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Papua New Guinea: 13
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Malaysia: 464
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Georgia: 425
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Nepal: 50
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Sudan: 40
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Saudi Arabia: 19
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Ireland: 17
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Albania: 16
    Worldwide total number of subjects
    12009
    EEA total number of subjects
    5072
    Number of subjects enrolled per age group
    In utero
    0
    Preterm newborn - gestational age < 37 wk
    0
    Newborns (0-27 days)
    0
    Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    0
    Children (2-11 years)
    1
    Adolescents (12-17 years)
    6
    Adults (18-64 years)
    7673
    From 65 to 84 years
    3491
    85 years and over
    838

    Subject disposition

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    Recruitment
    Recruitment details
    The HALT-IT trial randomised patients aged 16 or older with significant) upper or lower gastrointestinal bleeding in 164 hospitals in 15 countries. The first patient was randomised on 04/07/2013 and the final patient on 21/06/2029.

    Pre-assignment
    Screening details
    All adult patients with significant acute upper or lower GI bleeding. The diagnosis of significant bleeding is clinical but significant implies a risk of bleeding to death . The fundamental eligibility criterion is the responsible clinician's 'uncertainty' as to whether or not to use tranexamic acid in a particular patient with GI bleeding.

    Period 1
    Period 1 title
    Overall trial (overall period)
    Is this the baseline period?
    Yes
    Allocation method
    Randomised - controlled
    Blinding used
    Double blind
    Roles blinded
    Subject, Investigator, Monitor, Carer, Assessor
    Blinding implementation details
    Ampoules and packaging for tranexamic acid (TXA) and placebo were identical in appearance. The masking involved the removal of the original manufacturer’s label and replacement with the clinical trial label bearing the randomisation number, which was used as the pack identification. Patients were randomly allocated to receive TXA or placebo. The randomisation codes were generated and held by an independent statistical consultant.

    Arms
    Are arms mutually exclusive
    Yes

    Arm title
    Tranexamic acid
    Arm description
    -
    Arm type
    Experimental

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Cyklokapron
    Investigational medicinal product code
    B02AA02
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Injection
    Routes of administration
    Intravenous use
    Dosage and administration details
    Patients were randomly allocated to receive a loading dose of 1 g of tranexamic acid or matching placebo infused over 10 min, started immediately after randomisation, followed by an intravenous infusion of 3 g over 24 h.

    Arm title
    Placebo
    Arm description
    -
    Arm type
    Placebo

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Sodium Chloride 0.9%
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Injection
    Routes of administration
    Intravenous use
    Dosage and administration details
    Patients were randomly allocated to receive a loading dose of 1 g of tranexamic acid or matching placebo infused over 10 min, started immediately after randomisation, followed by an intravenous infusion of 3 g over 24 h.

    Number of subjects in period 1
    Tranexamic acid Placebo
    Started
    5994
    6015
    Completed
    5985
    6004
    Not completed
    9
    11
         Consent withdrawn so outcome data unavailable
    6
    11
         Lost to follow-up
    3
    -

    Baseline characteristics

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    Baseline characteristics reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Tranexamic acid
    Reporting group description
    -

    Reporting group title
    Placebo
    Reporting group description
    -

    Reporting group values
    Tranexamic acid Placebo Total
    Number of subjects
    5994 6015 12009
    Age categorical
    Units: Subjects
        <40 years
    791 779 1570
        40-59 years
    2356 2333 4689
        60-79 years
    2078 2130 4208
        ≥80
    769 773 1542
    Gender categorical
    Units: Subjects
        Female
    2142 2124 4266
        Male
    3852 3891 7743
    Time from onset to randomisation, h
    Units: Subjects
        ≤3
    960 975 1935
        >3–≤8
    1607 1551 3158
        >8
    3427 3488 6915
        Missing
    0 1 1
    Suspected location of bleeding
    Units: Subjects
        Lower
    674 654 1328
        Upper
    5320 5361 10681
    Hematemesis
    Units: Subjects
        Yes
    4285 4240 8525
        No
    1709 1775 3484
    Malaena or fresh blood per rectum
    Units: Subjects
        Yes
    4573 4626 9199
        No
    1421 1389 2810
    Suspected variceal bleeding
    Units: Subjects
        Yes
    2694 2739 5433
        No
    3300 3276 6576
    Suspected active bleeding
    Units: Subjects
        Yes
    5247 5226 10473
        No
    747 789 1536
    Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg
    Units: Subjects
        ≥90
    5222 5216 10438
        76–89
    577 577 1154
        ≤75
    181 201 382
        Missing
    14 21 35
    Herat rate, beats per min
    Units: Subjects
        <77
    812 756 1568
        77-91
    1546 1644 3190
        92-107
    1760 1720 3480
        >107
    1864 1885 3749
        Missing
    12 10 22
    Signs of shock
    Units: Subjects
        Yes
    2574 2648 5222
        No
    3420 3367 6787
    Rockall score
    Units: Subjects
        1-2
    1419 1395 2814
        3-4
    2306 2332 4638
        5-7
    2269 2288 4557
    Taking anticoagulants
    Units: Subjects
        Yes
    528 500 1028
        No
    5422 5466 10888
        Unknown
    44 49 93
    Emergency admission
    Units: Subjects
        Yes
    5673 5687 11360
        No
    321 328 649
    Major comorbidities
    Major co-morbidities are: Cardiovascular (TXA: 1108, Placebo: 1132); Respiratory (TXA: 337, Placebo: 324); Liver (TXA: 2432, Placebo:2532); Renal (TXA: 325, Placebo: 310); Malignancy (TXA: 417, Placebo: 382); Other (TXA: 999, Placebo: 968).
    Units: Subjects
        Any co-morbidity
    4308 4329 8637
        No co-morbidity
    1686 1686 3372

    End points

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    End points reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Tranexamic acid
    Reporting group description
    -

    Reporting group title
    Placebo
    Reporting group description
    -

    Primary: Effect of tranexamic acid on death due to bleeding within 5 days of randomisation

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    End point title
    Effect of tranexamic acid on death due to bleeding within 5 days of randomisation
    End point description
    End point type
    Primary
    End point timeframe
    Within 5 days of randomisation
    End point values
    Tranexamic acid Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    5956
    5981
    Units: Patients
    222
    226
    Attachments
    HALT-IT Primary analysis
    Statistical analysis title
    Primary analysis
    Statistical analysis description
    The primary analyses compared those allocated to tranexamic acid with those allocated to placebo on a modified intention to treat basis, excluding patients who received neither dose of the allocated treatment and those for whom outcome data on death were unavailable.
    Comparison groups
    Placebo v Tranexamic acid
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    11937
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    Method
    Parameter type
    Risk ratio (RR)
    Point estimate
    0.99
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.82
         upper limit
    1.18

    Secondary: Complications-Any Thrombotic event

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    End point title
    Complications-Any Thrombotic event
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Within 28 days of radomisation
    End point values
    Tranexamic acid Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    5952
    5977
    Units: Any Thrombotic event
    86
    72
    Statistical analysis title
    Complications-Any thrombotic event
    Comparison groups
    Tranexamic acid v Placebo
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    11929
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    Method
    Parameter type
    Risk ratio (RR)
    Point estimate
    1.2
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.88
         upper limit
    1.64

    Secondary: Complications-Venous events

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    End point title
    Complications-Venous events
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Within 28 days of randomisation
    End point values
    Tranexamic acid Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    5952
    5977
    Units: Venous events
    48
    26
    Statistical analysis title
    Complications- Venous events
    Comparison groups
    Tranexamic acid v Placebo
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    11929
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    Method
    Parameter type
    Risk ratio (RR)
    Point estimate
    1.85
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    1.15
         upper limit
    2.98

    Secondary: Complications- Deep vein thrombosis

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    End point title
    Complications- Deep vein thrombosis
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Within 28 days of randomisation
    End point values
    Tranexamic acid Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    5952
    5977
    Units: Deep vein thrombosis
    23
    12
    Statistical analysis title
    Complications Deep Vein Thrombosis
    Comparison groups
    Tranexamic acid v Placebo
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    11929
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    Method
    Parameter type
    Risk ratio (RR)
    Point estimate
    1.92
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.96
         upper limit
    3.86

    Secondary: Complications- Pulmonary embolism

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    End point title
    Complications- Pulmonary embolism
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Within 28 days of randomisation
    End point values
    Tranexamic acid Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    5952
    5977
    Units: Pulmonary embolism
    28
    16
    Statistical analysis title
    Complications-Pulmonary embolism
    Comparison groups
    Tranexamic acid v Placebo
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    11929
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    Method
    Parameter type
    Risk ratio (RR)
    Point estimate
    1.76
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.95
         upper limit
    3.24

    Secondary: Complications-Arterial events

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    End point title
    Complications-Arterial events
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Within 28 days of randomisation
    End point values
    Tranexamic acid Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    5952
    5977
    Units: Arterial events
    42
    46
    Statistical analysis title
    Complications- Arterial events
    Comparison groups
    Tranexamic acid v Placebo
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    11929
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    Method
    Parameter type
    Risk ratio (RR)
    Point estimate
    0.92
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.6
         upper limit
    1.39

    Secondary: Complications- Myocardial infarction

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    End point title
    Complications- Myocardial infarction
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Within 28 days of randomisation
    End point values
    Tranexamic acid Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    5952
    5977
    Units: Myocardial infarction
    24
    28
    Statistical analysis title
    Complications- Myocardial infarction
    Comparison groups
    Tranexamic acid v Placebo
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    11929
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    Method
    Parameter type
    Risk ratio (RR)
    Point estimate
    0.86
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.5
         upper limit
    1.48

    Secondary: Complications- Stroke

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    End point title
    Complications- Stroke
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Within 28 days of randomisation
    End point values
    Tranexamic acid Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    5952
    5977
    Units: Stroke
    19
    18
    Statistical analysis title
    Complications- Stroke
    Comparison groups
    Tranexamic acid v Placebo
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    11929
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    Method
    Parameter type
    Risk ratio (RR)
    Point estimate
    1.06
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.56
         upper limit
    2.02

    Secondary: Complications-Renal failure

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    End point title
    Complications-Renal failure
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Within 28 days of randomisation
    End point values
    Tranexamic acid Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    5951
    5978
    Units: Renal failure
    142
    157
    Statistical analysis title
    Complications-Renal failure
    Comparison groups
    Tranexamic acid v Placebo
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    11929
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    Method
    Parameter type
    Risk ratio (RR)
    Point estimate
    0.91
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.73
         upper limit
    1.14

    Secondary: Complications-Liver failure

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    End point title
    Complications-Liver failure
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Within 28 days of randomisation
    End point values
    Tranexamic acid Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    5952
    5977
    Units: Liver failure
    196
    184
    Statistical analysis title
    Complications- Liver failure
    Comparison groups
    Tranexamic acid v Placebo
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    11929
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    Method
    Parameter type
    Risk ratio (RR)
    Point estimate
    1.07
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.88
         upper limit
    1.3

    Secondary: Complications- Respiratory failure

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    End point title
    Complications- Respiratory failure
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Within 28 days of randomisation
    End point values
    Tranexamic acid Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    5952
    5978
    Units: Respiratory failure
    105
    131
    Statistical analysis title
    Complications -Respiratory failure
    Comparison groups
    Tranexamic acid v Placebo
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    11930
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    Method
    Parameter type
    Risk ratio (RR)
    Point estimate
    0.81
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.62
         upper limit
    1.04

    Secondary: Complications- Cardiac event

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    End point title
    Complications- Cardiac event
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Within 28 days of randomisation
    End point values
    Tranexamic acid Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    5952
    5977
    Units: Cardiac event
    100
    89
    Statistical analysis title
    Complications- Cardiac event
    Comparison groups
    Tranexamic acid v Placebo
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    11929
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    Method
    Parameter type
    Risk ratio (RR)
    Point estimate
    1.13
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.85
         upper limit
    1.5

    Secondary: Complications- Sepsis

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    End point title
    Complications- Sepsis
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Within 28 days of ransomisation
    End point values
    Tranexamic acid Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    5952
    5977
    Units: Sepsis
    210
    216
    Statistical analysis title
    Complications- Sepsis
    Comparison groups
    Tranexamic acid v Placebo
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    11929
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    Method
    Parameter type
    Risk ratio (RR)
    Point estimate
    0.98
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.81
         upper limit
    1.18

    Secondary: Complications- Pneumonia

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    End point title
    Complications- Pneumonia
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Within 28 days of randomisation
    End point values
    Tranexamic acid Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    5952
    5978
    Units: Pneumonia
    193
    174
    Statistical analysis title
    Complications-Pneumonia
    Comparison groups
    Tranexamic acid v Placebo
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    11930
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    Method
    Parameter type
    Risk ratio (RR)
    Point estimate
    1.11
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.91
         upper limit
    1.36

    Secondary: Complications- Seizure

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    End point title
    Complications- Seizure
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Within 28 days of randomisation
    End point values
    Tranexamic acid Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    5952
    5977
    Units: Seizure
    38
    22
    Statistical analysis title
    Complications- Seizure
    Comparison groups
    Tranexamic acid v Placebo
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    11929
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    Method
    Parameter type
    Risk ratio (RR)
    Point estimate
    1.73
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    1.03
         upper limit
    2.93

    Adverse events

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    Adverse events information
    Timeframe for reporting adverse events
    A written report must be submitted within 24 hours to the Trial Coordinating Centre if any SAE, SAR or SUSAR that occurs during hospitalisation or any untoward medical occurrence after discharge and up to 28 days after the trial treatment.
    Adverse event reporting additional description
    Prior to discharge, all randomised patients will be given a (supplied) alert card, so either the patient or their family can present the card to any healthcare provider they see after they are discharged.
    Assessment type
    Systematic
    Dictionary used for adverse event reporting
    Dictionary name
    MedDRA
    Dictionary version
    16.0
    Reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Tranexamic acid
    Reporting group description
    -

    Reporting group title
    Placebo
    Reporting group description
    -

    Serious adverse events
    Tranexamic acid Placebo
    Total subjects affected by serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    173 / 5985 (2.89%)
    186 / 6004 (3.10%)
         number of deaths (all causes)
    564
    548
         number of deaths resulting from adverse events
    Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps)
    Adenocarcinoma
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Cholangiocarcinoma
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Colorectal cancer
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Gastric cancer
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Hepatic cancer
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Hepatocellular carcinoma
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Lung neoplasm malignant
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Meningioma
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Oesophageal carcinoma
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
    Vascular disorders
    Angiodysplasia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Aortic aneurysm rupture
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Arterioenteric fistula
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Deep vein thrombosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    4 / 5985 (0.07%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 4
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Haematoma
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hypotension
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Orthostatic hypotension
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    2 / 6004 (0.03%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Peripheral embolism
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Peripheral ischaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Thrombosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Surgical and medical procedures
    Chemotherapy
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    3 / 6004 (0.05%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Colectomy
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    General disorders and administration site conditions
    Chest pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Asthenia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Multi-organ failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 5985 (0.03%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
    Oedema
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pyrexia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    2 / 6004 (0.03%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Immune system disorders
    Hypersensitivity
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 5985 (0.03%)
    2 / 6004 (0.03%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    Aspiration
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 5985 (0.05%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 3
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
    Dyspnoea
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pleural effusion
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    2 / 6004 (0.03%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pulmonary embolism
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 5985 (0.05%)
    3 / 6004 (0.05%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 3
    1 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
    Pulmonary oedema
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Psychiatric disorders
    Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Confusional state
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 5985 (0.03%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Suicidal ideation
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Investigations
    International normalised ratio abnormal
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Injury, poisoning and procedural complications
    Fall
         subjects affected / exposed
    6 / 5985 (0.10%)
    4 / 6004 (0.07%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 6
    0 / 4
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Feeding tube complication
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Femoral neck fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Overdose
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Post procedural haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cardiac disorders
    Atrial fibrillation
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    2 / 6004 (0.03%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Cardiac arrest
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Cardiac failure congestive
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    3 / 6004 (0.05%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Myocardial ischaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Myocardial infarction
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 5985 (0.03%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pericardial effusion
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Supraventricular tachycardia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Ventricular tachycardia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Nervous system disorders
    Central nervous system lesion
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Cerebral infarction
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Encephalopathy
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 5985 (0.03%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hepatic encephalopathy
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Ischaemic stroke
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 5985 (0.05%)
    3 / 6004 (0.05%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    3 / 3
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Syncope
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Transient ischaemic attack
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    2 / 6004 (0.03%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Delirium
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Blood and lymphatic system disorders
    Anaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    5 / 5985 (0.08%)
    10 / 6004 (0.17%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 5
    0 / 11
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Thrombocytopenia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Febrile neutropenia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Angina pectoris
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 5985 (0.03%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Ear and labyrinth disorders
    Mastoid effusion
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Abdominal distension
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Abdominal pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    2 / 6004 (0.03%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Enterocolitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Ascites
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Intestinal infarction
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Intestinal perforation
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Constipation
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 5985 (0.03%)
    2 / 6004 (0.03%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Crohn's disease
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Diarrhoea
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 5985 (0.03%)
    2 / 6004 (0.03%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Diverticulum
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 5985 (0.05%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 3
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Duodenal perforation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Dyspepsia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Enterocutaneous fistula
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Gastric ulcer
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Gastritis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    3 / 6004 (0.05%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Gastrointestinal haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    59 / 5985 (0.99%)
    74 / 6004 (1.23%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 64
    0 / 78
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 13
    0 / 9
    Haemorrhoids
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Mallory Weiss syndrome
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Oesophagitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    3 / 6004 (0.05%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Large bowel obstruction
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pancreatitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Perforated gastric ulcer
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Small bowel obstruction
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 5985 (0.03%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Vomiting
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hepatobiliary disorders
    Cholelithiasis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cholangitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cholecystitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Gallbladder polyp
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hepatic cirrhosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    7 / 5985 (0.12%)
    3 / 6004 (0.05%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 7
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 1
    Hepatitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hepatorenal syndrome
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Ischaemic hepatitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Jaundice
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Jaundice cholestatic
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Portal vein thrombosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Renal and urinary disorders
    Renal failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 5985 (0.03%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Urinary incontinence
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Infections and infestations
    Abscess
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Appendicitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cellulitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 5985 (0.03%)
    3 / 6004 (0.05%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Clostridium difficile infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    3 / 6004 (0.05%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
    Gastroenteritis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Infected skin ulcer
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Liver abscess
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Lower respiratory tract infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Peritonitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 5985 (0.05%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 3
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
    Pneumonia
         subjects affected / exposed
    7 / 5985 (0.12%)
    3 / 6004 (0.05%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 7
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 5
    0 / 3
    Pyelonephritis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Respiratory tract infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    9 / 5985 (0.15%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 9
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Sepsis
         subjects affected / exposed
    5 / 5985 (0.08%)
    7 / 6004 (0.12%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 5
    0 / 7
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 3
    Urinary tract infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    8 / 5985 (0.13%)
    3 / 6004 (0.05%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 8
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Herpes zoster
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Metabolism and nutrition disorders
    Dehydration
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Fluid overload
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Gout
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 5985 (0.03%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hypoglycaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    2 / 6004 (0.03%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hypomagnesaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hyponatraemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Type 2 diabetes mellitus
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Frequency threshold for reporting non-serious adverse events: 0%
    Non-serious adverse events
    Tranexamic acid Placebo
    Total subjects affected by non serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    53 / 5985 (0.89%)
    66 / 6004 (1.10%)
    Vascular disorders
    Haematoma
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Hypotension
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Phlebitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 5985 (0.03%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Thrombosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Venous insufficiency
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    General disorders and administration site conditions
    Chest pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Oedema
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    2 / 6004 (0.03%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    2
    Pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Pyrexia
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 5985 (0.03%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    1
    Immune system disorders
    Hypersensitivity
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 5985 (0.05%)
    4 / 6004 (0.07%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    4
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Epistaxis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Hypoxia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Psychiatric disorders
    Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    2 / 6004 (0.03%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    2
    Confusional state
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Delirium
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Panic attack
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Injury, poisoning and procedural complications
    Alcohol poisoning
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Contusion
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Fall
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    4 / 6004 (0.07%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    5
    Gastrointestinal stoma complication
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Haematuria traumatic
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Haemodilution
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Head injury
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Humerus fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Overdose
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Transfusion reaction
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Congenital, familial and genetic disorders
    Hydrocele
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Cardiac disorders
    Cardiac failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Cardiovascular disorder
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    2 / 6004 (0.03%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    2
    Cyanosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Palpitations
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Nervous system disorders
    Seizure
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 5985 (0.03%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    1
    Encephalopathy
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Neuropathy peripheral
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Blood and lymphatic system disorders
    Anaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    2 / 6004 (0.03%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    2
    Coagulopathy
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Thrombocytopenia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Eye disorders
    Conjunctivitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Abdominal pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Ascites
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    3 / 6004 (0.05%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    3
    Constipation
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 5985 (0.05%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    1
    Diarrhoea
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Gastritis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Gastrointestinal haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 5985 (0.03%)
    2 / 6004 (0.03%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    2
    Haemorrhoids
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Lip swelling
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Small intestinal obstruction
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Vomiting
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Hepatobiliary disorders
    Portal vein thrombosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
    Decubitus ulcer
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Erythema
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Rash
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Renal and urinary disorders
    Urinary retention
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
    Crystal arthropathy
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Groin pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Infections and infestations
    Abscess
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Cellulitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Clostridium difficile infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    3 / 6004 (0.05%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    3
    Lower respiratory tract infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Oesophageal candidiasis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    3 / 6004 (0.05%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    3
    Otitis externa
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Peritonitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Pharyngitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Pneumonia
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 5985 (0.03%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Respiratory tract infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 5985 (0.05%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    1
    Sepsis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Staphylococcal bacteraemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Urinary tract infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    4 / 5985 (0.07%)
    9 / 6004 (0.15%)
         occurrences all number
    4
    9
    Metabolism and nutrition disorders
    Fluid overload
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Fluid retention
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Gout
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Hypernatraemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Hypoglycaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    0 / 6004 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Hypokalaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 5985 (0.02%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    1
    Hyponatraemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 5985 (0.00%)
    1 / 6004 (0.02%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1

    More information

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    Substantial protocol amendments (globally)

    Were there any global substantial amendments to the protocol? Yes
    Date
    Amendment
    14 Nov 2017
    Trial design: The sample size was increased from 8,000 to 12,000 patients Planned date of last patient enrolment: was changed from 30 November 2017 to 31 May 2019 Secondary outcomes: Death from haemorrhage was added as secondary outcome. Administration of treatment: The sentence "Where fluid restriction is needed the volume used to administer the maintenance dose can be reduced to 500 mL" was added Primary outcome: For clarification, the sentence "Cause specific mortality will be described as per section 3.1 of the outcome form (haemorrhage, myocardial infarction, stroke, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, malignancy, other" was included under primary outcome. RATIONALE: Our original sample size estimate assumed a control group all-cause mortality risk of 10%. We estimated that a trial with 8,000 patients would have over 90% power (two sided alpha of 5%) to detect a 25% reduction (RR=0.75) in all-cause mortality. However, because the proportion of bleeding deaths is lower than expected, we might not find such a large (25%) reduction in all-cause mortality. The control group all-cause mortality risk will be about 10% by the time 12,000 patients are recruited. We expect about 60% of deaths will be due to bleeding. If tranexamic acid reduces bleeding deaths by 25% (RR=0.75), with no effect on non-bleeding deaths, the trial has over 80% power to detect a 15% (RR=0.6×0.75 +0.4×1.0=0.85) reduction in all-cause mortality. In summary, increasing the sample size to 12,000 patients should provide adequate power to detect a plausible reduction in death from haemorrhage and all-cause mortality.
    25 Apr 2019
    Primary outcome: The primary outcome was changed from death from all causes within 28 days of randomisation to death from haemorrhage within 5 days of randomisation. All-cause and cause-specific mortality within 28 days will be reported as secondary outcomes. Secondary outcomes: “Death from haemorrhage within 28 days of randomisation” was added as secondary outcome. “Mortality: all-cause and cause-specific mortality within 28 days of randomisation” was added as secondary outcome. “Need for endoscopy” was added as secondary outcome. RATIONALE: Although the sample size remains at 12,000 as per the above justification, sample size calculations were rerun based on the amended primary outcome of death from haemorrhage within 5 days of randomisation. Blinded data from the HALT-IT trial show that only around 40% of deaths are due to bleeding and occur within 5 days of randomisation. Based on these estimates, a baseline event rate of 4% haemorrhage death within 5 days might reasonably be expected. Assuming a cumulative incidence of death due to bleeding of 4%, a study with 12,000 patients will have 85% power (two sided alpha = 5%) to detect a clinically important 25% relative reduction in death due to bleeding from 4% to 3%.

    Interruptions (globally)

    Were there any global interruptions to the trial? No

    Limitations and caveats

    Limitations of the trial such as small numbers of subjects analysed or technical problems leading to unreliable data.
    None reported
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