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    Clinical Trial Results:
    A Randomized, Open-label Phase 3 Study of Carfilzomib, Melphalan, and Prednisone Versus Bortezomib, Melphalan, and Prednisone in Transplant-ineligible Patients With Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma

    Summary
    EudraCT number
    2012-005283-97
    Trial protocol
    BE   CZ   AT   DE   HU   GB   IT   NL   FR   GR   PL   ES   BG  
    Global end of trial date
    04 Nov 2016

    Results information
    Results version number
    v1(current)
    This version publication date
    15 Nov 2017
    First version publication date
    15 Nov 2017
    Other versions

    Trial information

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    Trial identification
    Sponsor protocol code
    2012-005
    Additional study identifiers
    ISRCTN number
    -
    US NCT number
    NCT01818752
    WHO universal trial number (UTN)
    -
    Sponsors
    Sponsor organisation name
    Amgen Inc.
    Sponsor organisation address
    One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States, 91320
    Public contact
    IHQ Medical Info-Clinical Trials, Amgen (EUROPE) GmbH, MedInfoInternational@amgen.com
    Scientific contact
    IHQ Medical Info-Clinical Trials, Amgen (EUROPE) GmbH, MedInfoInternational@amgen.com
    Paediatric regulatory details
    Is trial part of an agreed paediatric investigation plan (PIP)
    No
    Does article 45 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Does article 46 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Results analysis stage
    Analysis stage
    Final
    Date of interim/final analysis
    04 Nov 2016
    Is this the analysis of the primary completion data?
    No
    Global end of trial reached?
    Yes
    Global end of trial date
    04 Nov 2016
    Was the trial ended prematurely?
    No
    General information about the trial
    Main objective of the trial
    The primary objective was to compare the progression-free survival of transplant ineligible patients newly diagnosed with multiple myeloma who were treated with carfilzomib, melphalan and prednisone (CMP) or with Velcade® (bortezomib), melphalan and prednisone (VMP).
    Protection of trial subjects
    This study was conducted in accordance with International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) Good Clinical Practice (GCP) regulations/guidelines. All subjects provided written informed consent before undergoing any study-related procedures, including screening procedures. The study protocol, amendments, and the informed consent form (ICF) were reviewed by the Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) and Independent Ethics Committees (IECs). No subjects were recruited into the study and no investigational product (IP) was shipped until the IRB/IEC gave written approval of the protocol and ICF and Amgen received copies of these approvals.
    Background therapy
    -
    Evidence for comparator
    -
    Actual start date of recruitment
    08 Jul 2013
    Long term follow-up planned
    Yes
    Long term follow-up rationale
    Efficacy
    Long term follow-up duration
    22 Months
    Independent data monitoring committee (IDMC) involvement?
    Yes
    Population of trial subjects
    Number of subjects enrolled per country
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Canada: 3
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    United States: 17
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Austria: 9
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Belgium: 7
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Bulgaria: 40
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Switzerland: 1
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Czech Republic: 97
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Germany: 18
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Spain: 53
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    France: 37
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    United Kingdom: 24
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Greece: 23
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Hungary: 42
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Italy: 37
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Netherlands: 4
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Poland: 83
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Romania: 46
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Russian Federation: 34
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Turkey: 17
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Ukraine: 65
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Australia: 28
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    China: 102
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Japan: 40
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Korea, Republic of: 79
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    New Zealand: 11
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Singapore: 10
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Taiwan: 11
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Argentina: 2
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Israel: 10
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Mexico: 5
    Worldwide total number of subjects
    955
    EEA total number of subjects
    520
    Number of subjects enrolled per age group
    In utero
    0
    Preterm newborn - gestational age < 37 wk
    0
    Newborns (0-27 days)
    0
    Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    0
    Children (2-11 years)
    0
    Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0
    Adults (18-64 years)
    51
    From 65 to 84 years
    884
    85 years and over
    20

    Subject disposition

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    Recruitment
    Recruitment details
    This study was conducted at 183 centers in Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Romania, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, and United States.

    Pre-assignment
    Screening details
    Eligible participants were randomized in a 1:1 ratio. Randomization was stratified by International Staging System (ISS) stage (stage 1 versus stages 2 or 3), choice of route of bortezomib administration (intravenous [IV] versus subcutaneous [SC]), region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, or other), and age (< 75 years versus ≥ 75 years).

    Period 1
    Period 1 title
    Overall Study (overall period)
    Is this the baseline period?
    Yes
    Allocation method
    Randomised - controlled
    Blinding used
    Not blinded

    Arms
    Are arms mutually exclusive
    Yes

    Arm title
    Bortezomib, Melphalan, Prednisone
    Arm description
    Participants received bortezomib in combination with melphalan and prednisone for nine 42-day cycles. Bortezomib was administered either IV or subcutaneously at 1.3 mg/m² during cycles 1 to 4 on days 1, 4, 8, 11, 22, 25, 29, and 32 followed by 1.3 mg/m² during cycles 5 to 9 on days 1, 8, 22, and 29. On days 1 to 4 of each cycle, melphalan was administered at 9 mg/m² and prednisone was administered at 60 mg/m².
    Arm type
    Active comparator

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Melphalan
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Alkeran
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Film-coated tablet
    Routes of administration
    Oral use
    Dosage and administration details
    Melphalan 9 mg/m² was taken orally on days 1 to 4 of all cycles.

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Prednisone
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Tablet
    Routes of administration
    Oral use
    Dosage and administration details
    Prednisone 60 mg/m² was taken orally on days 1 to 4 of all cycles.

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Bortezomib
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Velcade®
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Powder for solution for infusion
    Routes of administration
    Intravenous use
    Dosage and administration details
    Bortezomib 1.3 mg/m² was administered as a bolus IV injection or as a subcutaneous injection (per investigator's choice, dose modification, or regulatory approval) on days 1, 4, 8, 11, 22, 25, 29, and 32 of cycles 1 to 4, and on days 1, 8, 22, and 29 of cycles 5 to 9.

    Arm title
    Carfilzomib, Melphalan, Prednisone
    Arm description
    Participants received carfilzomib administered in combination with melphalan and prednisone for nine 42-day cycles. Carfilzomib was administered as an intravenous (IV) infusion on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 22, 23, 29, and 30 of each 42-day cycle. The carfilzomib dose was at 20 mg/m² on cycle 1, days 1 and 2 followed by 36 mg/m² thereafter. On days 1 to 4, melphalan was administered at 9 mg/m² and prednisone was administered at 60 mg/m².
    Arm type
    Experimental

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Carfilzomib
    Investigational medicinal product code
    PR-171
    Other name
    Krypolis®
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Powder for solution for injection
    Routes of administration
    Intravenous use, Subcutaneous use
    Dosage and administration details
    Carfilzomib was administered over 30 minutes on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 22, 23, 29, and 30 for nine 42-day cycles. Carfilzomib 20 mg/m² IV was administered on days 1 and 2 of cycle 1, followed by escalation to 36 mg/m² IV starting on day 8 of cycle 1.

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Melphalan
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Alkeran
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Film-coated tablet
    Routes of administration
    Oral use
    Dosage and administration details
    Melphalan 9 mg/m² was taken orally on days 1 to 4 of all cycles.

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Prednisone
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Tablet
    Routes of administration
    Oral use
    Dosage and administration details
    Prednisone 60 mg/m² was taken orally on days 1 to 4 of all cycles.

    Number of subjects in period 1
    Bortezomib, Melphalan, Prednisone Carfilzomib, Melphalan, Prednisone
    Started
    477
    478
    Received Treatment
    470
    474
    Completed
    291
    284
    Not completed
    186
    194
         Consent withdrawn by subject
    15
    14
         Physician decision
    8
    8
         Adverse event, non-fatal
    62
    74
         Death
    15
    19
         Other
    7
    9
         Non-compliance
    16
    18
         Randomized but not Dosed
    7
    4
         Lost to follow-up
    1
    -
         Disease Progression
    55
    48

    Baseline characteristics

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    Baseline characteristics reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Bortezomib, Melphalan, Prednisone
    Reporting group description
    Participants received bortezomib in combination with melphalan and prednisone for nine 42-day cycles. Bortezomib was administered either IV or subcutaneously at 1.3 mg/m² during cycles 1 to 4 on days 1, 4, 8, 11, 22, 25, 29, and 32 followed by 1.3 mg/m² during cycles 5 to 9 on days 1, 8, 22, and 29. On days 1 to 4 of each cycle, melphalan was administered at 9 mg/m² and prednisone was administered at 60 mg/m².

    Reporting group title
    Carfilzomib, Melphalan, Prednisone
    Reporting group description
    Participants received carfilzomib administered in combination with melphalan and prednisone for nine 42-day cycles. Carfilzomib was administered as an intravenous (IV) infusion on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 22, 23, 29, and 30 of each 42-day cycle. The carfilzomib dose was at 20 mg/m² on cycle 1, days 1 and 2 followed by 36 mg/m² thereafter. On days 1 to 4, melphalan was administered at 9 mg/m² and prednisone was administered at 60 mg/m².

    Reporting group values
    Bortezomib, Melphalan, Prednisone Carfilzomib, Melphalan, Prednisone Total
    Number of subjects
    477 478 955
    Age categorical
    Units: Subjects
        Adults (18-64 years)
    35 16 51
        From 65-84 years
    430 454 884
        85 years and over
    12 8 20
    Age Continuous
    Units: years
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    71.5 ( 6.5 ) 72.0 ( 5.7 ) -
    Gender, Male/Female
    Units: Subjects
        Female
    238 235 473
        Male
    239 243 482
    Race/Ethnicity, Customized
    Units: Subjects
        American Indian or Alaska Native
    2 1 3
        Asian
    121 123 244
        Black or African American
    0 3 3
        White
    339 329 668
        Other
    3 1 4
        Multiple
    0 2 2
        Not Reported
    12 19 31
    Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
    Units: Subjects
        Hispanic or Latino
    15 18 33
        Not Hispanic or Latino
    443 427 870
        Unknown or Not Reported
    19 33 52
    Stratification Factor: International Staging System (ISS) Stage
    The International Staging System (ISS) for myeloma was published by the International Myeloma Working Group: • Stage I: β2-microglobulin (β2M) < 3.5 mg/L, albumin >= 3.5 g/dL • Stage II: β2M < 3.5 mg/L and albumin < 3.5 g/dL; or β2M 3.5 mg/L - 5.5 mg/L irrespective of the serum albumin • Stage III: β2M ≥ 5.5 mg/L
    Units: Subjects
        Stage I
    99 95 194
        Stage II or III
    378 383 761
    Stratification Factor: Route of Bortezomib Administration
    The route of bortezomib administration (IV versus SC) was made per investigator's choice, dose modification, or regulatory approval. The investigator selected the route for all participants prior to randomization to treatment group in order to minimize any evaluation bias because of imbalances in potential prognostic factors that might have impacted the investigator’s choice of a particular route.
    Units: Subjects
        Intravenous
    123 123 246
        Subcutaneous
    354 355 709
    Stratification Factor: Region of Enrollment
    Units: Subjects
        Asia Pacific
    141 140 281
        North America
    12 8 20
        Europe
    317 320 637
        Other
    7 10 17
    Stratification Factor: Age
    Units: Subjects
        < 75 years
    329 327 656
        ≥ 75 years
    148 151 299
    Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status
    Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status is used by doctors and researchers to assess how a participants disease is progressing, assess how the disease affects the daily living activities of the participant and determine appropriate treatment and prognosis. 0 = Fully Active; 1 = Restricted activity but ambulatory; 2 = Ambulatory but unable to carry out work activities; 3 = Limited Self-Care; 4 = Completely Disabled, no self-care, confined to bed or chair; 5 = Dead.
    Units: Subjects
        0 (Fully active)
    125 129 254
        1 (Restrictive but ambulatory)
    250 260 510
        2 (Ambulatory but unable to work)
    101 89 190
        Missing
    1 0 1

    End points

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    End points reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Bortezomib, Melphalan, Prednisone
    Reporting group description
    Participants received bortezomib in combination with melphalan and prednisone for nine 42-day cycles. Bortezomib was administered either IV or subcutaneously at 1.3 mg/m² during cycles 1 to 4 on days 1, 4, 8, 11, 22, 25, 29, and 32 followed by 1.3 mg/m² during cycles 5 to 9 on days 1, 8, 22, and 29. On days 1 to 4 of each cycle, melphalan was administered at 9 mg/m² and prednisone was administered at 60 mg/m².

    Reporting group title
    Carfilzomib, Melphalan, Prednisone
    Reporting group description
    Participants received carfilzomib administered in combination with melphalan and prednisone for nine 42-day cycles. Carfilzomib was administered as an intravenous (IV) infusion on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 22, 23, 29, and 30 of each 42-day cycle. The carfilzomib dose was at 20 mg/m² on cycle 1, days 1 and 2 followed by 36 mg/m² thereafter. On days 1 to 4, melphalan was administered at 9 mg/m² and prednisone was administered at 60 mg/m².

    Primary: Progression-Free Survival (PFS)

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    End point title
    Progression-Free Survival (PFS)
    End point description
    Progression-free survival was defined as the time from randomization to the earlier of documented disease progression or death due to any cause. PFS was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier methods. The duration of PFS was censored for participants with no baseline and/or post-baseline disease assessments, who started a new anti-cancer therapy before documentation of disease progression or death, death or disease progression after missed disease assessment of 100 consecutive days or longer, or who were alive without documentation of disease progression before the data cutoff date, including lost to follow-up prior to disease progression. Participants were evaluated for disease response and progression according to the International Myeloma Working Group Uniform Response Criteria (IMWG-URC), determined centrally using a validated computer algorithm in a blinded manner.
    End point type
    Primary
    End point timeframe
    From randomization until the data cut-off date of 15 July 2016; median follow-up time for PFS was 21.6.and 22.2 months in the bortezomib and carfilzomib arms respectively.
    End point values
    Bortezomib, Melphalan, Prednisone Carfilzomib, Melphalan, Prednisone
    Number of subjects analysed
    477
    478
    Units: months
        median (confidence interval 95%)
    22.1 (20.8 to 24.4)
    22.3 (20.9 to 26.7)
    Statistical analysis title
    Analysis of Progression-free Survival
    Statistical analysis description
    The inferential test associated with the primary analysis of PFS was assessed against an overall 1-sided significance level of α=0.025. The hazard ratio (Carfilzomib/Bortezomib) was estimated using a Cox proportional hazards model stratified by ISS stage, choice of route of bortezomib administration, region and age.
    Comparison groups
    Bortezomib, Melphalan, Prednisone v Carfilzomib, Melphalan, Prednisone
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    955
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.159 [1]
    Method
    Logrank
    Parameter type
    Hazard ratio (HR)
    Point estimate
    0.906
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.746
         upper limit
    1.101
    Notes
    [1] - Log-rank p-value (1-sided) stratified by ISS stage, choice of route of bortezomib administration, region and age. The p-value boundary for PFS analysis was 0.02141.

    Secondary: Overall Survival (OS)

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    End point title
    Overall Survival (OS)
    End point description
    Overall survival (OS) was defined as the time from randomization to the date of death (whatever the cause). Participants who were alive or lost to follow-up as of the data analysis cut-off date were censored on the date the patient was last known to be alive. Median overall survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    From randomization until the data cut-off date of 15 July 2016; median follow-up time for OS was 22.2 and 22.5 months in the bortezomib and carfilzomib arms respectively.
    End point values
    Bortezomib, Melphalan, Prednisone Carfilzomib, Melphalan, Prednisone
    Number of subjects analysed
    477
    478
    Units: months
        median (confidence interval 95%)
    99999 (99999 to 99999)
    99999 (31.5 to 99999)
    Statistical analysis title
    Analysis of Overall Survival
    Statistical analysis description
    Based on the pre-specified multiplicity adjustment method, secondary endpoints were to be tested only if the results of the primary endpoint were significant. The p-values for all secondary endpoints are descriptive only. The hazard ratio (Carfilzomib/Bortezomib) was estimated using a Cox proportional hazards model stratified by ISS stage, choice of route of bortezomib administration, region and age.
    Comparison groups
    Bortezomib, Melphalan, Prednisone v Carfilzomib, Melphalan, Prednisone
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    955
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.8934 [2]
    Method
    Logrank
    Parameter type
    Hazard ratio (HR)
    Point estimate
    1.211
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.896
         upper limit
    1.637
    Notes
    [2] - Log-rank p-value (1-sided) stratified by ISS stage, choice of route of bortezomib administration, region and age.

    Secondary: Overall Response Rate

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    End point title
    Overall Response Rate
    End point description
    Disease response was evaluated according to the IMWG-URC using a validated computer algorithm. Overall response was defined as the percentage of participants with a best overall response of stringent complete response (sCR), complete response (CR), very good partial response (VGPR), or partial response (PR). sCR: As for CR, normal serum free light chain (SFLC) ratio and no clonal cells in bone marrow (BM). CR: No immunofixation on serum and urine, disappearance of any soft tissue plasmacytomas and < 5% plasma cells in BM biopsy; VGPR: Serum and urine M-protein detectable by immunofixation but not electrophoresis or ≥ 90% reduction in serum M-protein with urine M-protein <100 mg/24 hours. A ≥ 50% reduction in the size of soft tissue plasmacytomas if present at baseline. PR: ≥ 50% reduction of serum M-protein and reduction in urine M-protein by ≥ 90% or to < 200 mg/24 hours. A ≥ 50% reduction in the size of soft tissue plasmacytomas if present at baseline.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Disease response was assessed every 3 weeks during the first 54 weeks and every 6 weeks thereafter until PD or the data cut-off date of 15 July 2016; median follow-up time was 21.6.and 22.2 months in the bortezomib and carfilzomib arms respectively.
    End point values
    Bortezomib, Melphalan, Prednisone Carfilzomib, Melphalan, Prednisone
    Number of subjects analysed
    477
    478
    Units: percentage of participants
        number (confidence interval 95%)
    78.8 (74.9 to 82.4)
    84.3 (80.7 to 87.5)
    Statistical analysis title
    Analysi of Overall Response Rate
    Statistical analysis description
    Based on the pre-specified multiplicity adjustment method, secondary endpoints were to be tested only if the results of the primary endpoint were significant. The p-values for all secondary endpoints are descriptive only. Odds ratio (Carfilzomib/Bortezomib) was estimated using the Mantel-Haenszel method stratified by ISS stage, choice of route of bortezomib administration, region and age.
    Comparison groups
    Bortezomib, Melphalan, Prednisone v Carfilzomib, Melphalan, Prednisone
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    955
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.0218 [3]
    Method
    Stratified Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel
    Parameter type
    Odds ratio (OR)
    Point estimate
    1.412
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    1.01
         upper limit
    1.973
    Notes
    [3] - Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel Chi-square test stratified by ISS stage, choice of route of bortezomib administration, region and age.

    Secondary: Complete Response Rate

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    End point title
    Complete Response Rate
    End point description
    Complete response rate was defined as the percentage of participants in each treatment group who achieved a sCR or CR per the IMWG-URC as their best response. sCR: As for CR, normal serum free light chain (SFLC) ratio and no clonal cells in bone marrow (BM). CR: No immunofixation on serum and urine, disappearance of any soft tissue plasmacytomas and < 5% plasma cells in BM biopsy.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Disease response was assessed every 3 weeks during the first 54 weeks and every 6 weeks thereafter until PD or the data cut-off date of 15 July 2016; median follow-up time was 21.6.and 22.2 months in the bortezomib and carfilzomib arms respectively.
    End point values
    Bortezomib, Melphalan, Prednisone Carfilzomib, Melphalan, Prednisone
    Number of subjects analysed
    477
    478
    Units: percentage of participants
        number (confidence interval 95%)
    23.1 (19.4 to 27.1)
    25.9 (22.1 to 30.1)
    Statistical analysis title
    Analysis of Complete Response rate
    Statistical analysis description
    Based on the pre-specified multiplicity adjustment method, secondary endpoints were to be tested only if the results of the primary endpoint were significant. The p-values for all secondary endpoints are descriptive only. Odds ratio (Carfilzomib/Bortezomib) was estimated using the Mantel-Haenszel method stratified by ISS stage, choice of route of bortezomib administration, region and age.
    Comparison groups
    Bortezomib, Melphalan, Prednisone v Carfilzomib, Melphalan, Prednisone
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    955
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.1388 [4]
    Method
    Stratified Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel
    Parameter type
    Odds ratio (OR)
    Point estimate
    1.179
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.875
         upper limit
    1.589
    Notes
    [4] - Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel Chi-square test stratified by ISS stage, choice of route of bortezomib administration, region and age.

    Secondary: Percentage of Participants With ≥ Grade 2 Peripheral Neuropathy

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    End point title
    Percentage of Participants With ≥ Grade 2 Peripheral Neuropathy
    End point description
    Neuropathy events were defined as Grade 2 or higher peripheral neuropathy as specified by peripheral neuropathy Standardised Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) Query, narrow (scope) (SMQN) terms. Peripheral neuropathy was assessed by neurologic exam and graded according to National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Version 4.03: Grade 1: Asymptomatic; Grade 2: Moderate symptoms, limiting instrumental activities of daily living (ADL) Grade 3: Severe symptoms; limiting self-care ADL; Grade 4: Life-threatening consequences, urgent intervention indicated; Grade 5: Death. The safety population included all randomized participants who received at least 1 dose of any study treatment (i.e., carfilzomib, bortezomib, melphalan, or prednisone).
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    From the first dose of any study drug up to 30 days after the last dose of any study drug as of the data cut-off date of 15 July 2016; median duration of treatment was 52 weeks in both treatment groups.
    End point values
    Bortezomib, Melphalan, Prednisone Carfilzomib, Melphalan, Prednisone
    Number of subjects analysed
    470
    474
    Units: percentage of participants
        number (confidence interval 95%)
    35.1 (30.8 to 39.6)
    2.5 (1.3 to 4.4)
    Statistical analysis title
    Analysis of Neuropathy Events
    Statistical analysis description
    Based on the pre-specified multiplicity adjustment method, secondary endpoints were to be tested only if the results of the primary endpoint were significant. The p-values for all secondary endpoints are descriptive only. Unstratified odds ratio (Carfilzomib/Bortezomib) was estimated.
    Comparison groups
    Bortezomib, Melphalan, Prednisone v Carfilzomib, Melphalan, Prednisone
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    944
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    < 0.0001 [5]
    Method
    Pearson Chi-Square test
    Parameter type
    Odds ratio (OR)
    Point estimate
    0.048
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.026
         upper limit
    0.088
    Notes
    [5] - Based on the pre-specified multiplicity adjustment method, secondary endpoints were to be tested only if the results of the primary endpoint were significant. The p-values for all secondary endpoints are descriptive only.

    Secondary: European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Core Module (EORTC QLQ-C30) Global Health Status/Quality of Life (QOL) Scores

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    End point title
    European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Core Module (EORTC QLQ-C30) Global Health Status/Quality of Life (QOL) Scores
    End point description
    The EORTC QLQ-C30 is a validated self-rating questionnaire including 30 items used to assess the overall quality of life in cancer patients. It consists of 15 domains: 1 global health status (GHS) scale, 5 functional scales (Physical, Role, Cognitive, Emotional, Social), and 9 symptom scales/items (Fatigue, Nausea and Vomiting, Pain, Dyspnea, Sleep Disturbance, Appetite Loss, Constipation, Diarrhea, Financial Impact). The EORTC QLQ-C30 Global Health Status/QOL scale was scored between 0 and 100, with higher scores indicating better Global Health Status/QOL.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Baseline, weeks 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42 and 48
    End point values
    Bortezomib, Melphalan, Prednisone Carfilzomib, Melphalan, Prednisone
    Number of subjects analysed
    477
    478
    Units: units on a scale
    arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
        Baseline (n = 425, 425)
    53.3 ( 21.9 )
    53.9 ( 22.5 )
        Week 6 (n = 412, 407)
    56.2 ( 19.5 )
    61.1 ( 19.6 )
        Week 12 (n = 376, 389)
    55.3 ( 19.8 )
    62.4 ( 17.7 )
        Week 18 (n = 341, 369)
    55.7 ( 18.8 )
    63.2 ( 17.4 )
        Week 24 (n = 320, 345)
    57.3 ( 17.6 )
    63.3 ( 17.1 )
        Week 30 (n = 298, 317)
    61.6 ( 17.8 )
    63.0 ( 17.8 )
        Week 36 (n = 285, 308)
    61.9 ( 17.5 )
    64.0 ( 18.1 )
        Week 42 (n = 275, 288)
    63.3 ( 17.7 )
    65.0 ( 18.1 )
        Week 48 (n = 261, 265)
    62.9 ( 18.4 )
    65.1 ( 17.1 )
    Statistical analysis title
    Analysis of QLQ-C30 Global Health Status/QoL
    Statistical analysis description
    Treatment groups were compared using a linear mixed model for repeated measures (MMRM). The model included the fixed, categorical effects of treatment (all baseline responses were modeled with a dummy treatment), the randomization stratification factors – ISS stage, choice of route of bortezomib administration, region, age, and random effects of subject intercept and coefficient on time.
    Comparison groups
    Bortezomib, Melphalan, Prednisone v Carfilzomib, Melphalan, Prednisone
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    955
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority [6]
    P-value
    < 0.0001
    Method
    Mixed Effects Model for Repeated Measure
    Parameter type
    Least squares mean difference
    Point estimate
    4.99
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    3.48
         upper limit
    6.51
    Variability estimate
    Standard error of the mean
    Dispersion value
    0.773
    Notes
    [6] - Based on the pre-specified multiplicity adjustment method, secondary endpoints were to be tested only if the results of the primary endpoint were significant. The p-values for all secondary endpoints are descriptive only.

    Secondary: Number of Participants with Adverse Events

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    End point title
    Number of Participants with Adverse Events
    End point description
    Adverse events (AEs)were graded using National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI-CTCAE), version 4.03, where GRADE 1 = Mild; GRADE 2 = Moderate; GRADE 3 = Severe; GRADE 4 = Life-threatening; GRADE 5 = Fatal. A serious adverse event is an adverse event that met 1 or more of the following criteria: • Death • Life-threatening • Required inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of an existing hospitalization • Resulted in persistent or significant disability/incapacity • Congenital anomaly/birth defect • Important medical event that jeopardized the participant and may have required medical or surgical intervention to prevent 1 of the outcomes listed above. Treatment-related adverse events are adverse events considered related to at least 1 investigational product by the investigator, including those with unknown relationship.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    From the first dose of study medication until 30 days after the last dose; the median duration of treatment was 11.99 months for Bortezomib, Melphalan, and Prednisone and 12.04 months for the Carfilzomib, Melphalan, and Prednisone group.
    End point values
    Bortezomib, Melphalan, Prednisone Carfilzomib, Melphalan, Prednisone
    Number of subjects analysed
    470
    474
    Units: participants
        All adverse events
    454
    460
        AEs ≥ grade 3
    358
    354
        Serious adverse events
    198
    235
        Leading to discontinuation of study drug
    71
    83
        Fatal adverse events
    20
    30
        Treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs)
    431
    408
        TRAEs ≥ grade 3
    285
    268
        Treatment-related serious adverse events
    102
    136
        TRAE leading to discontinuation of study drug
    50
    54
        Treatment-related fatal adverse events
    5
    10
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Adverse events

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    Adverse events information
    Timeframe for reporting adverse events
    From the first dose of study medication until 30 days after the last dose; the median duration of treatment was 11.99 months for Bortezomib, Melphalan, and Prednisone and 12.04 months for the Carfilzomib, Melphalan, and Prednisone group.
    Assessment type
    Systematic
    Dictionary used for adverse event reporting
    Dictionary name
    MedDRA
    Dictionary version
    19.0
    Reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Carfilzomib, Melphalan, Prednisone
    Reporting group description
    Participants received carfilzomib administered in combination with melphalan and prednisone for nine 42-day cycles. Carfilzomib was administered as an intravenous (IV) infusion on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 22, 23, 29, and 30 of each 42-day cycle. The carfilzomib dose was at 20 mg/m² on cycle 1, days 1 and 2 followed by 36 mg/m² thereafter. On days 1 to 4, melphalan was administered at 9 mg/m² and prednisone was administered at 60 mg/m².

    Reporting group title
    Bortezomib, Melphalan, Prednisone
    Reporting group description
    Participants received bortezomib in combination with melphalan and prednisone for nine 42-day cycles. Bortezomib was administered either IV or subcutaneously at 1.3 mg/m² during cycles 1 to 4 on days 1, 4, 8, 11, 22, 25, 29, and 32 followed by 1.3 mg/m² during cycles 5 to 9 on days 1, 8, 22, and 29. On days 1 to 4 of each cycle, melphalan was administered at 9 mg/m² and prednisone was administered at 60 mg/m².

    Serious adverse events
    Carfilzomib, Melphalan, Prednisone Bortezomib, Melphalan, Prednisone
    Total subjects affected by serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    235 / 474 (49.58%)
    198 / 470 (42.13%)
         number of deaths (all causes)
    106
    92
         number of deaths resulting from adverse events
    Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps)
    Adenocarcinoma gastric
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 474 (0.42%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Breast cancer stage I
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Lung neoplasm malignant
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Oesophageal adenocarcinoma
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Paraneoplastic syndrome
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Plasma cell myeloma
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    2 / 470 (0.43%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Prostate cancer
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Squamous cell carcinoma of skin
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Vascular disorders
    Aortic dissection
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Circulatory collapse
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Deep vein thrombosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Haematoma
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hypertension
         subjects affected / exposed
    8 / 474 (1.69%)
    2 / 470 (0.43%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    4 / 8
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hypertensive crisis
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 474 (0.42%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hypotension
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 474 (0.63%)
    7 / 470 (1.49%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    2 / 3
    4 / 7
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Hypovolaemic shock
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Orthostatic hypotension
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    2 / 470 (0.43%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Peripheral artery occlusion
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Peripheral artery stenosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Peripheral ischaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Phlebitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Shock haemorrhagic
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Surgical and medical procedures
    Aortic aneurysm repair
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Bone operation
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Vertebroplasty
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 474 (0.42%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    General disorders and administration site conditions
    Adverse drug reaction
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Asthenia
         subjects affected / exposed
    4 / 474 (0.84%)
    6 / 470 (1.28%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    3 / 4
    5 / 7
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Chest pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 474 (0.42%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 2
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Death
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Disease progression
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Fatigue
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    General physical health deterioration
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 474 (0.42%)
    5 / 470 (1.06%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 2
    2 / 5
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Generalised oedema
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Infusion site extravasation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Infusion site pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Malaise
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Mucosal inflammation
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 474 (0.42%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Non-cardiac chest pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    2 / 470 (0.43%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Oedema peripheral
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Peripheral swelling
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pyrexia
         subjects affected / exposed
    16 / 474 (3.38%)
    8 / 470 (1.70%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    13 / 27
    4 / 9
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Sudden death
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 474 (0.42%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 2
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 2
    0 / 1
    Immune system disorders
    Hypersensitivity
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Social circumstances
    Immobile
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Reproductive system and breast disorders
    Benign prostatic hyperplasia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pelvic pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Prostatomegaly
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    Acute pulmonary oedema
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Acute respiratory distress syndrome
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Asthma
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Bronchitis chronic
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Bronchospasm
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Dyspnoea
         subjects affected / exposed
    9 / 474 (1.90%)
    3 / 470 (0.64%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    4 / 11
    1 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Dyspnoea exertional
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Epistaxis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hydrothorax
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hypoxia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Interstitial lung disease
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Lung disorder
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Mediastinal haematoma
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pleural effusion
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pleurisy
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    2 / 470 (0.43%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    2 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pneumonitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 474 (0.42%)
    3 / 470 (0.64%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 2
    2 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pneumothorax
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pulmonary congestion
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pulmonary embolism
         subjects affected / exposed
    7 / 474 (1.48%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    2 / 7
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pulmonary fibrosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 4
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pulmonary hypertension
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pulmonary oedema
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Respiratory failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    6 / 474 (1.27%)
    4 / 470 (0.85%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    4 / 6
    2 / 4
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Respiratory tract congestion
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Upper respiratory tract inflammation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Wheezing
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Psychiatric disorders
    Confusional state
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 474 (0.63%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    3 / 4
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hallucination
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Illusion
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Psychiatric decompensation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Investigations
    Blood creatinine increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 474 (0.42%)
    2 / 470 (0.43%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    2 / 2
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Blood uric acid increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    C-reactive protein increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Creatinine renal clearance decreased
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Haemoglobin decreased
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Platelet count decreased
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 474 (0.42%)
    3 / 470 (0.64%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    2 / 2
    3 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Urine output decreased
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Injury, poisoning and procedural complications
    Ankle fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cervical vertebral fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Fall
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Femoral neck fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    4 / 474 (0.84%)
    2 / 470 (0.43%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 4
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Femur fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 474 (0.42%)
    3 / 470 (0.64%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Head injury
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Heat illness
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hip fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Humerus fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Infusion related reaction
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 474 (0.42%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    2 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Joint dislocation
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Lower limb fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Lumbar vertebral fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    4 / 470 (0.85%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 4
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pneumoconiosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Radius fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Rib fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Spinal compression fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 474 (0.42%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Spinal cord injury cervical
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Spinal fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    2 / 470 (0.43%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Subarachnoid haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    2 / 470 (0.43%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Wrist fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cardiac disorders
    Acute coronary syndrome
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Acute left ventricular failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    2 / 2
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Acute myocardial infarction
         subjects affected / exposed
    4 / 474 (0.84%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 4
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Angina pectoris
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Aortic valve incompetence
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Arrhythmia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Atrial fibrillation
         subjects affected / exposed
    7 / 474 (1.48%)
    4 / 470 (0.85%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    5 / 7
    3 / 5
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Atrial flutter
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 474 (0.42%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 2
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Atrial tachycardia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Atrioventricular block
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Atrioventricular block second degree
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cardiac amyloidosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cardiac arrest
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cardiac failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    22 / 474 (4.64%)
    7 / 470 (1.49%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    21 / 26
    4 / 7
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    3 / 4
    0 / 0
    Cardiac failure acute
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Cardiac failure chronic
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cardiac failure congestive
         subjects affected / exposed
    8 / 474 (1.69%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    8 / 10
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
    Cardiopulmonary failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
    Coronary artery disease
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Coronary artery occlusion
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Hypertensive cardiomegaly
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Left ventricular dysfunction
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 474 (0.42%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    2 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Left ventricular failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Myocardial infarction
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 474 (0.63%)
    2 / 470 (0.43%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    2 / 3
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 1
    Supraventricular tachycardia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Tachycardia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Ventricular extrasystoles
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Nervous system disorders
    Amnesia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Aphasia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Autonomic nervous system imbalance
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Autonomic neuropathy
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Brain oedema
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cauda equina syndrome
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cerebral infarction
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 474 (0.42%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 2
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cerebrovascular accident
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    2 / 470 (0.43%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    1 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Coma
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Dementia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Encephalopathy
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Facial paresis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Haemorrhage intracranial
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
    Headache
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 474 (0.42%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hypotonia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Ischaemic stroke
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Lacunar infarction
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Loss of consciousness
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Memory impairment
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Myoclonus
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Neuralgia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Neuropathy peripheral
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    3 / 470 (0.64%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    3 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Peripheral motor neuropathy
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Peripheral sensory neuropathy
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Polyneuropathy
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Presyncope
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Seizure
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Somnolence
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Spinal cord compression
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Syncope
         subjects affected / exposed
    4 / 474 (0.84%)
    5 / 470 (1.06%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    2 / 4
    3 / 5
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Toxic encephalopathy
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Transient ischaemic attack
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Trigeminal neuralgia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    VIth nerve paralysis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Blood and lymphatic system disorders
    Anaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    11 / 474 (2.32%)
    6 / 470 (1.28%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    9 / 15
    7 / 8
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Bone marrow failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    2 / 470 (0.43%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    2 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Febrile neutropenia
         subjects affected / exposed
    4 / 474 (0.84%)
    5 / 470 (1.06%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    4 / 5
    4 / 5
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Haemolytic uraemic syndrome
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Neutropenia
         subjects affected / exposed
    4 / 474 (0.84%)
    4 / 470 (0.85%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    3 / 4
    4 / 4
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pancytopenia
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 474 (0.42%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    2 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Thrombocytopenia
         subjects affected / exposed
    5 / 474 (1.05%)
    11 / 470 (2.34%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    5 / 5
    12 / 12
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Ear and labyrinth disorders
    Vertigo
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Eye disorders
    Diplopia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Retinopathy
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    2 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Abdominal pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Abdominal pain upper
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Colitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    2 / 470 (0.43%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    1 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Constipation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Diarrhoea
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 474 (0.63%)
    7 / 470 (1.49%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    3 / 3
    8 / 9
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Duodenal ulcer
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Dyspepsia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Dysphagia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Faecaloma
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Gastric haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Gastritis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Gastrointestinal haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    2 / 470 (0.43%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    2 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Ileus
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    5 / 470 (1.06%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    4 / 5
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Ileus paralytic
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Inguinal hernia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Intestinal haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Intestinal obstruction
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    3 / 470 (0.64%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    3 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Large intestine perforation
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Melaena
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Nausea
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 474 (0.42%)
    2 / 470 (0.43%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    2 / 2
    2 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Small intestinal haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Small intestinal obstruction
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Subileus
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Vomiting
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 474 (0.63%)
    6 / 470 (1.28%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 3
    3 / 7
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hepatobiliary disorders
    Bile duct stone
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 474 (0.42%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cholangitis acute
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cholecystitis acute
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cholestasis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Drug-induced liver injury
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hepatic failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hepatic function abnormal
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hepatitis toxic
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hepatocellular injury
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hepatotoxicity
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Jaundice cholestatic
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
    Diabetic foot
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Erythema multiforme
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Rash
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    3 / 470 (0.64%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Rash maculo-papular
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Stevens-Johnson syndrome
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Renal and urinary disorders
    Acute kidney injury
         subjects affected / exposed
    19 / 474 (4.01%)
    10 / 470 (2.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    15 / 25
    2 / 13
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    2 / 3
    0 / 0
    Chronic kidney disease
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 474 (0.63%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 3
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Prerenal failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Renal failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    14 / 474 (2.95%)
    3 / 470 (0.64%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    5 / 17
    0 / 4
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
    Renal impairment
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 474 (0.42%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 2
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Renal injury
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
    Ureterolithiasis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Urinary retention
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 474 (0.63%)
    2 / 470 (0.43%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 3
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Endocrine disorders
    Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    2 / 470 (0.43%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    2 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
    Back pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    6 / 474 (1.27%)
    4 / 470 (0.85%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 6
    0 / 4
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Bone pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 474 (0.63%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 4
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Bursitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Myalgia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pathological fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    2 / 470 (0.43%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Polyarthritis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Spinal pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    3 / 470 (0.64%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Infections and infestations
    Abdominal infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Abscess limb
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Bacteraemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Bacterial infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 474 (0.42%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Bronchitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    8 / 474 (1.69%)
    4 / 470 (0.85%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 8
    2 / 4
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cellulitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Clostridium colitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Clostridium difficile colitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    2 / 470 (0.43%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    1 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Clostridium difficile infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Device related infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Ear infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Erysipelas
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Escherichia infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Gastroenteritis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    2 / 470 (0.43%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    1 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Gastroenteritis norovirus
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Gastrointestinal infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 474 (0.42%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hepatitis C
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hepatitis viral
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 474 (0.63%)
    2 / 470 (0.43%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 3
    2 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Influenza
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 474 (0.42%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    2 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Legionella infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Lower respiratory tract infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    2 / 470 (0.43%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Lung infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    5 / 474 (1.05%)
    5 / 470 (1.06%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    5 / 6
    4 / 5
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Otitis media
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pneumonia
         subjects affected / exposed
    46 / 474 (9.70%)
    31 / 470 (6.60%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    25 / 60
    15 / 38
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    2 / 4
    Postoperative wound infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pseudomonas bronchitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pulmonary tuberculosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pyelonephritis chronic
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Respiratory tract infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 474 (0.42%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 5
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Respiratory tract infection bacterial
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Respiratory tract infection viral
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Rhinovirus infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Sepsis
         subjects affected / exposed
    8 / 474 (1.69%)
    7 / 470 (1.49%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    3 / 9
    4 / 10
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 4
    2 / 4
    Sepsis syndrome
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Septic shock
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 474 (0.42%)
    2 / 470 (0.43%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
    Sinusitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 474 (0.42%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Tonsillitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Tooth infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Upper respiratory tract infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 474 (0.63%)
    4 / 470 (0.85%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    2 / 3
    2 / 4
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Urinary tract infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    5 / 474 (1.05%)
    3 / 470 (0.64%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 5
    0 / 4
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Urosepsis
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 474 (0.42%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Viral infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Metabolism and nutrition disorders
    Acidosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Decreased appetite
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    2 / 470 (0.43%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Dehydration
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    5 / 470 (1.06%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 5
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Diabetes mellitus
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Electrolyte imbalance
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hypercalcaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hyperkalaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 474 (0.42%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 3
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hyperproteinaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 474 (0.00%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hypocalcaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    1 / 470 (0.21%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hypokalaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    2 / 470 (0.43%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    1 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hyponatraemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    2 / 470 (0.43%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hypophosphataemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Malnutrition
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Tetany
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 474 (0.21%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Tumour lysis syndrome
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 474 (0.63%)
    0 / 470 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    3 / 3
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Frequency threshold for reporting non-serious adverse events: 5%
    Non-serious adverse events
    Carfilzomib, Melphalan, Prednisone Bortezomib, Melphalan, Prednisone
    Total subjects affected by non serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    437 / 474 (92.19%)
    437 / 470 (92.98%)
    Investigations
    Alanine aminotransferase increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    29 / 474 (6.12%)
    16 / 470 (3.40%)
         occurrences all number
    49
    17
    Blood creatinine increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    35 / 474 (7.38%)
    22 / 470 (4.68%)
         occurrences all number
    84
    54
    Neutrophil count decreased
         subjects affected / exposed
    57 / 474 (12.03%)
    71 / 470 (15.11%)
         occurrences all number
    333
    444
    Platelet count decreased
         subjects affected / exposed
    53 / 474 (11.18%)
    62 / 470 (13.19%)
         occurrences all number
    282
    431
    Weight decreased
         subjects affected / exposed
    15 / 474 (3.16%)
    28 / 470 (5.96%)
         occurrences all number
    17
    38
    White blood cell count decreased
         subjects affected / exposed
    54 / 474 (11.39%)
    58 / 470 (12.34%)
         occurrences all number
    397
    559
    Vascular disorders
    Hypertension
         subjects affected / exposed
    101 / 474 (21.31%)
    33 / 470 (7.02%)
         occurrences all number
    220
    75
    Hypotension
         subjects affected / exposed
    16 / 474 (3.38%)
    37 / 470 (7.87%)
         occurrences all number
    17
    49
    Nervous system disorders
    Dizziness
         subjects affected / exposed
    45 / 474 (9.49%)
    39 / 470 (8.30%)
         occurrences all number
    62
    48
    Headache
         subjects affected / exposed
    44 / 474 (9.28%)
    23 / 470 (4.89%)
         occurrences all number
    68
    31
    Hypoaesthesia
         subjects affected / exposed
    14 / 474 (2.95%)
    25 / 470 (5.32%)
         occurrences all number
    16
    39
    Neuralgia
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 474 (0.42%)
    45 / 470 (9.57%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    77
    Neuropathy peripheral
         subjects affected / exposed
    30 / 474 (6.33%)
    152 / 470 (32.34%)
         occurrences all number
    43
    305
    Paraesthesia
         subjects affected / exposed
    20 / 474 (4.22%)
    31 / 470 (6.60%)
         occurrences all number
    22
    58
    Peripheral sensory neuropathy
         subjects affected / exposed
    8 / 474 (1.69%)
    64 / 470 (13.62%)
         occurrences all number
    9
    137
    Polyneuropathy
         subjects affected / exposed
    5 / 474 (1.05%)
    36 / 470 (7.66%)
         occurrences all number
    5
    91
    Blood and lymphatic system disorders
    Anaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    169 / 474 (35.65%)
    143 / 470 (30.43%)
         occurrences all number
    528
    433
    Leukopenia
         subjects affected / exposed
    33 / 474 (6.96%)
    38 / 470 (8.09%)
         occurrences all number
    115
    256
    Neutropenia
         subjects affected / exposed
    120 / 474 (25.32%)
    121 / 470 (25.74%)
         occurrences all number
    438
    462
    Thrombocytopenia
         subjects affected / exposed
    83 / 474 (17.51%)
    91 / 470 (19.36%)
         occurrences all number
    415
    357
    General disorders and administration site conditions
    Asthenia
         subjects affected / exposed
    68 / 474 (14.35%)
    65 / 470 (13.83%)
         occurrences all number
    108
    98
    Chest pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    24 / 474 (5.06%)
    11 / 470 (2.34%)
         occurrences all number
    30
    14
    Chills
         subjects affected / exposed
    42 / 474 (8.86%)
    14 / 470 (2.98%)
         occurrences all number
    76
    15
    Fatigue
         subjects affected / exposed
    79 / 474 (16.67%)
    85 / 470 (18.09%)
         occurrences all number
    139
    162
    Oedema peripheral
         subjects affected / exposed
    84 / 474 (17.72%)
    54 / 470 (11.49%)
         occurrences all number
    128
    68
    Pyrexia
         subjects affected / exposed
    169 / 474 (35.65%)
    79 / 470 (16.81%)
         occurrences all number
    377
    144
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Abdominal distension
         subjects affected / exposed
    11 / 474 (2.32%)
    26 / 470 (5.53%)
         occurrences all number
    13
    48
    Abdominal pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    12 / 474 (2.53%)
    27 / 470 (5.74%)
         occurrences all number
    22
    34
    Abdominal pain upper
         subjects affected / exposed
    22 / 474 (4.64%)
    32 / 470 (6.81%)
         occurrences all number
    26
    50
    Constipation
         subjects affected / exposed
    65 / 474 (13.71%)
    114 / 470 (24.26%)
         occurrences all number
    96
    178
    Diarrhoea
         subjects affected / exposed
    97 / 474 (20.46%)
    132 / 470 (28.09%)
         occurrences all number
    145
    296
    Nausea
         subjects affected / exposed
    167 / 474 (35.23%)
    133 / 470 (28.30%)
         occurrences all number
    332
    234
    Vomiting
         subjects affected / exposed
    116 / 474 (24.47%)
    89 / 470 (18.94%)
         occurrences all number
    263
    140
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    Cough
         subjects affected / exposed
    62 / 474 (13.08%)
    62 / 470 (13.19%)
         occurrences all number
    87
    73
    Dyspnoea
         subjects affected / exposed
    72 / 474 (15.19%)
    34 / 470 (7.23%)
         occurrences all number
    111
    40
    Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
    Pruritus
         subjects affected / exposed
    39 / 474 (8.23%)
    22 / 470 (4.68%)
         occurrences all number
    53
    30
    Rash
         subjects affected / exposed
    26 / 474 (5.49%)
    47 / 470 (10.00%)
         occurrences all number
    36
    57
    Psychiatric disorders
    Insomnia
         subjects affected / exposed
    49 / 474 (10.34%)
    66 / 470 (14.04%)
         occurrences all number
    59
    72
    Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
    Arthralgia
         subjects affected / exposed
    32 / 474 (6.75%)
    32 / 470 (6.81%)
         occurrences all number
    41
    46
    Back pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    53 / 474 (11.18%)
    56 / 470 (11.91%)
         occurrences all number
    72
    66
    Bone pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    29 / 474 (6.12%)
    27 / 470 (5.74%)
         occurrences all number
    38
    42
    Pain in extremity
         subjects affected / exposed
    30 / 474 (6.33%)
    45 / 470 (9.57%)
         occurrences all number
    42
    65
    Infections and infestations
    Bronchitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    40 / 474 (8.44%)
    39 / 470 (8.30%)
         occurrences all number
    49
    48
    Nasopharyngitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    31 / 474 (6.54%)
    33 / 470 (7.02%)
         occurrences all number
    40
    48
    Pneumonia
         subjects affected / exposed
    31 / 474 (6.54%)
    26 / 470 (5.53%)
         occurrences all number
    51
    36
    Upper respiratory tract infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    50 / 474 (10.55%)
    51 / 470 (10.85%)
         occurrences all number
    73
    63
    Urinary tract infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    30 / 474 (6.33%)
    26 / 470 (5.53%)
         occurrences all number
    45
    36
    Metabolism and nutrition disorders
    Decreased appetite
         subjects affected / exposed
    67 / 474 (14.14%)
    88 / 470 (18.72%)
         occurrences all number
    93
    112
    Hyperglycaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    29 / 474 (6.12%)
    37 / 470 (7.87%)
         occurrences all number
    73
    102
    Hyperuricaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    30 / 474 (6.33%)
    22 / 470 (4.68%)
         occurrences all number
    50
    38
    Hypocalcaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    48 / 474 (10.13%)
    41 / 470 (8.72%)
         occurrences all number
    86
    68
    Hypokalaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    54 / 474 (11.39%)
    63 / 470 (13.40%)
         occurrences all number
    77
    122
    Hyponatraemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    17 / 474 (3.59%)
    24 / 470 (5.11%)
         occurrences all number
    31
    42

    More information

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    Substantial protocol amendments (globally)

    Were there any global substantial amendments to the protocol? Yes
    Date
    Amendment
    20 Mar 2013
    Major changes included: •increased the time required for contraception in women of childbearing potential and men •excluded subjects with acute diffuse infiltrative pulmonary disease or pericardial disease •excluded subjects with hypersensitivity to melphalan or excipients of Alkeran •removed cytogenetics from the disease response assessments •removed proteomic analysis from the biomarker analyses •clarified the timing of bone marrow samples •clarified methods for whole genome sequencing or whole exome sequencing
    30 Sep 2013
    Major changes included: •allowed bone marrow biopsy sample or bone marrow aspirate slides for study entry, to be taken within 30 days before randomization, and for establishment of complete response •clarified that carfilzomib will be infused over 30 5 minutes, followed by a post-infusion flush within 30 minutes •clarified the disease response categories for IMWG-URC •specified that inferential analyses were not planned for duration of response
    21 Nov 2013
    •Amendment identical to Amendment 2 with the exception that the following was removed from the clarification to IMWG-URC: “All response categories (CR, sCR, VGPR, PR) and disease progression require 2 consecutive assessments from samples collected 4 hours apart before the institution of any new therapy”. (This statement was removed).
    02 May 2014
    Major changes included: •included MRD and PFS2 as exploratory objectives and endpoints •allowed screening bone marrow biopsy or bone marrow aspirate slides to be taken within 45 days before randomization •clarified that intravenous hydration post-carfilzomib infusion was not mandatory in cycle 1 •excluded plasmapheresis as a concomitant procedure during screening through active follow-up •clarified that FISH analysis was only conducted in countries that met tissue transportation requirements to a laboratory acceptable to the sponsor
    02 Nov 2015
    Major changes included: •revised testing procedures and multiplicity adjustment method for secondary endpoints •clarified that IRC-assessed PFS was a supportive analysis •updated the guidelines for carfilzomib- and melphalan-related nonhematologic toxicities •aligned risk and discomfort language •included an additional analysis method for MRD assessment •changed OS testing from noninferiority testing to superiority testing •removed FACT/GOG-NTx score from the definition of the neuropathy event endpoint and added it as an exploratory endpoint

    Interruptions (globally)

    Were there any global interruptions to the trial? No

    Limitations and caveats

    Limitations of the trial such as small numbers of subjects analysed or technical problems leading to unreliable data.
    None reported
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