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    Clinical Trial Results:
    Glucose Lowering In Non-diabetic hyperglycaemia Trial (GLINT) - a randomised controlled trial to establish the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of metformin in preventing cardiovascular events over five years in people with non-diabetic hyperglycaemia at high cardiovascular risk.

    Summary
    EudraCT number
    2012-005570-56
    Trial protocol
    GB  
    Global end of trial date
    05 Nov 2016

    Results information
    Results version number
    v1(current)
    This version publication date
    26 Nov 2017
    First version publication date
    26 Nov 2017
    Other versions

    Trial information

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    Trial identification
    Sponsor protocol code
    GLINT
    Additional study identifiers
    ISRCTN number
    ISRCTN34875079
    US NCT number
    -
    WHO universal trial number (UTN)
    -
    Other trial identifiers
    R&D Number: A093318, EudraCT: 2012-005570-56, REC reference: 13/EE/0415
    Sponsors
    Sponsor organisation name
    Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Cambridge
    Sponsor organisation address
    Addenbrooke’s Hospital, R&D Department, Box 277, CAMBRIDGE, United Kingdom, CB2 0QQ
    Public contact
    Carrie Bayliss, Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, +44 1223348158, cctu@addenbrookes.nhs.uk
    Scientific contact
    Carrie Bayliss, Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, +44 1223348158, cctu@addenbrookes.nhs.uk
    Paediatric regulatory details
    Is trial part of an agreed paediatric investigation plan (PIP)
    No
    Does article 45 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Does article 46 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Results analysis stage
    Analysis stage
    Final
    Date of interim/final analysis
    12 Dec 2016
    Is this the analysis of the primary completion data?
    Yes
    Primary completion date
    28 Oct 2016
    Global end of trial reached?
    Yes
    Global end of trial date
    05 Nov 2016
    Was the trial ended prematurely?
    Yes
    General information about the trial
    Main objective of the trial
    People who do not have diabetes but who have higher than normal blood sugar levels are at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (e.g. heart attack or stroke). This study will test whether early treatment with a well-established, safe and cheap drug (metformin) reduces the risk of developing cardiovascular disease in people who do not have diabetes but have high blood sugar levels and above-average risk of heart attacks and strokes. The feasibility trial aimed to assess the feasibility of the Glucose Lowering In Non-diabetic hyperglycaemia Trial (GLINT) and to estimate key parameters that would inform design of the full trial, including: recruitment strategy, randomisation, electronic data capture, drug distribution by post, retention, adherence to study medication, safety monitoring and remote collection of outcome data.
    Protection of trial subjects
    An extremely rare but potentially serious side-effect of metformin is lactic acidosis. The risk of lactic acidosis is increased among people with chronic kidney disease (CKD stage 3b or worse). Creatinine was therefore measured at baseline, three and six months. Participants with eGFR 45-59 ml/min/1.73m2 were recommended a maximum daily dose of 1000mg metformin prolonged release/placebo. Individuals with eGFR<45ml/min were excluded from the trial. Chronic metformin use has been associated with Vitamin B12 deficiency. B12 levels were measured at baseline and 6 months. If a participant had a B12 level < 200 pg/ml the results were reviewed by a study clinician. GLINT participants were advised about the symptoms suggestive of hypoglycaemia and how to respond. A Trial Steering Committee (TSC) provided overall supervision for the trial, to ensure it was conducted in accordance with the protocol and GCP and to provide advice through its independent Chair. An Independent Data Monitoring Committee (IDMC) reviewed an agreed subset of the study data on regular intervals to ensure the rights and safety of trial participants were protected. Any recommendations were forwarded to the TSC.
    Background therapy
    Prolonged-release metformin (Glucophage SR): 500 mg oral tablet, up to three tablets per day, administered orally until the end of treatment phase. Placebo: matched oral tablet, up to three tablets per day, administered orally until the end of treatment phase.
    Evidence for comparator
    The placebo product visually matches the metformin tablet. The placebo product is manufactured using commonly used and recognised tablet excipients that are also employed in the active tablets and are packed into high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles.
    Actual start date of recruitment
    03 Nov 2014
    Long term follow-up planned
    No
    Independent data monitoring committee (IDMC) involvement?
    Yes
    Population of trial subjects
    Number of subjects enrolled per country
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    United Kingdom: 249
    Worldwide total number of subjects
    249
    EEA total number of subjects
    249
    Number of subjects enrolled per age group
    In utero
    0
    Preterm newborn - gestational age < 37 wk
    0
    Newborns (0-27 days)
    0
    Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    0
    Children (2-11 years)
    0
    Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0
    Adults (18-64 years)
    61
    From 65 to 84 years
    184
    85 years and over
    4

    Subject disposition

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    Recruitment
    Recruitment details
    Participants were identified from 31 GP practices across Cambridgeshire and Leicestershire. 10 GP surgeries had the facilities to undertake the consent and baseline measures. Participants from the other 21 GP's were invited to a clinical research facility to undertake the consent and baseline measures after being screened for eligibility.

    Pre-assignment
    Screening details
    Participants were assessed for eligibility to participate in the study at an initial visit to their GP or clinical research facility. Inclusion criteria includes but is not limited to: - Age ≥ 40 years - Specific biochemistry ranges - Agreement to obtaining medical records

    Period 1
    Period 1 title
    Overall trial (overall period)
    Is this the baseline period?
    Yes
    Allocation method
    Randomised - controlled
    Blinding used
    Double blind
    Roles blinded
    Subject, Investigator, Monitor, Data analyst, Carer, Assessor
    Blinding implementation details
    The placebo tablets had the same appearance as the trial IMP. Neither the participants nor the GLINT personnel will know which treatment the participant is taking.

    Arms
    Are arms mutually exclusive
    Yes

    Arm title
    Experimental
    Arm description
    Participant's who received Metformin drug
    Arm type
    Experimental

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Prolonged-release metformin
    Investigational medicinal product code
    PL 116487/0054
    Other name
    Glucophage SR
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Tablet
    Routes of administration
    Oral use
    Dosage and administration details
    Participants received their dosage of drugs through the post packaged in high-density polyethylene in 16 week batches. Upon receipt of their first batch, participants were advised to take one table (500mg) a day for four weeks, titrating up to two tablets/day for weeks five to eight and then three tablets/day thereafter. Any participant who could not tolerate 1500mg/day were advised to take the highest tolerated dose.

    Arm title
    Control
    Arm description
    Participants receive placebo
    Arm type
    Placebo

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Placebo
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Tablet
    Routes of administration
    Oral use
    Dosage and administration details
    Up to three tablets a day as tolerated

    Number of subjects in period 1
    Experimental Control
    Started
    125
    124
    Baseline
    125
    124
    Three month study follow-up
    107
    113
    Four month questionnaire
    105
    112
    Six month study follow-up
    104
    109
    One year questionnaire
    109
    115
    End of study questionnaire
    95
    92
    Completed
    95
    92
    Not completed
    30
    32
         Consent withdrawn by subject
    1
    -
         Did not return end of study questionnaire
    29
    32

    Baseline characteristics

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    Baseline characteristics reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Experimental
    Reporting group description
    Participant's who received Metformin drug

    Reporting group title
    Control
    Reporting group description
    Participants receive placebo

    Reporting group values
    Experimental Control Total
    Number of subjects
    125 124 249
    Age categorical
    Units: Subjects
        In utero
    0 0 0
        Preterm newborn infants (gestational age < 37 wks)
    0 0 0
        Newborns (0-27 days)
    0 0 0
        Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    0 0 0
        Children (2-11 years)
    0 0 0
        Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0 0 0
        Adults (18-64 years)
    34 27 61
        From 65-84 years
    88 96 184
        85 years and over
    3 1 4
        Not recorded
    0 0 0
    Age continuous
    Units: years
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    69.9 ( 7.2 ) 70.1 ( 6.2 ) -
    Gender categorical
    Units: Subjects
        Female
    17 13 30
        Male
    108 111 219

    End points

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    End points reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Experimental
    Reporting group description
    Participant's who received Metformin drug

    Reporting group title
    Control
    Reporting group description
    Participants receive placebo

    Primary: The time required to recruit and follow 250 participants for at least a median of 6 months

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    End point title
    The time required to recruit and follow 250 participants for at least a median of 6 months
    End point description
    End point type
    Primary
    End point timeframe
    Recruitment was closed in November 2015, data collection was closed 28th October 2016
    End point values
    Experimental Control
    Number of subjects analysed
    125 [1]
    124 [2]
    Units: Months
        number (not applicable)
    125
    124
    Notes
    [1] - All participants were included in analysis
    [2] - All participants were included in analysis
    Statistical analysis title
    Overall Statistical Analysis
    Statistical analysis description
    Descriptive statistics were used to analyse results by randomised group, no p-values were calculated
    Comparison groups
    Experimental v Control
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    249
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    other [3]
    P-value
    = 0 [4]
    Method
    Descriptive
    Parameter type
    Descriptive
    Confidence interval
    Notes
    [3] - Descriptive
    [4] - No p values were calculated

    Adverse events

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    Adverse events information
    Timeframe for reporting adverse events
    Adverse Events (AEs) were recorded from the start of IMP dosing. Information was collected via three routes: GP and Participant questionnaires, direct contact with participants and GP's. AEs were only recorded when they resulted in cessation of the drug
    Adverse event reporting additional description
    Serious Adverse Events (SAEs) SAEs were collected over the same time period as stated above, and were subject to a modified safety reporting plan. A listing of serious adverse events has been uploaded.
    Assessment type
    Non-systematic
    Dictionary used for adverse event reporting
    Dictionary name
    MedDRA
    Dictionary version
    19
    Reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Experimental
    Reporting group description
    -

    Reporting group title
    Control
    Reporting group description
    -

    Serious adverse events
    Experimental Control
    Total subjects affected by serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    22 / 125 (17.60%)
    13 / 124 (10.48%)
         number of deaths (all causes)
    1
    1
         number of deaths resulting from adverse events
    0
    0
    Investigations
    Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatograpy
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    0 / 124 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hyponatraemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    0 / 124 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps)
    Lymphoma
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    0 / 124 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Injury, poisoning and procedural complications
    Head injury
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    0 / 124 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Fractured rib
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    0 / 124 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Accidental drug overdose
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    0 / 124 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Surgical and medical procedures
    Laparoscopic Heller's cardiomyotomy and fundoplication
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 125 (0.00%)
    1 / 124 (0.81%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Lumbar decompression surgery
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 125 (0.00%)
    1 / 124 (0.81%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hip replacement
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    1 / 124 (0.81%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Prostate surgery
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 125 (0.00%)
    1 / 124 (0.81%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Knee replacement
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 125 (1.60%)
    1 / 124 (0.81%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Laparoscopic cholecystectomy
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    0 / 124 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cholecystectomy
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    0 / 124 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Total Knee Replacement
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    0 / 124 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cardiac disorders
    Atrial fibrillation
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 125 (0.00%)
    1 / 124 (0.81%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Nervous system disorders
    Guillain-Barre syndrome
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 125 (0.00%)
    1 / 124 (0.81%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Vascular dementia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    0 / 124 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Diarrhoea
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 125 (0.00%)
    1 / 124 (0.81%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Gastroenteritis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    0 / 124 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hepatobiliary disorders
    Gallstones
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 125 (0.00%)
    1 / 124 (0.81%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cholecystitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 125 (0.00%)
    1 / 124 (0.81%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    Pneumonia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    0 / 124 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Respiratory tract infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    0 / 124 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    0 / 124 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Renal and urinary disorders
    Phimosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    0 / 124 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Psychiatric disorders
    withdrawal from alcohol
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    0 / 124 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Infections and infestations
    Cellulitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 125 (0.00%)
    1 / 124 (0.81%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Streptococcus A infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    0 / 124 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Frequency threshold for reporting non-serious adverse events: 0%
    Non-serious adverse events
    Experimental Control
    Total subjects affected by non serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    19 / 125 (15.20%)
    10 / 124 (8.06%)
    General disorders and administration site conditions
    Nausea
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    1 / 124 (0.81%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Tired & confused
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 125 (0.00%)
    1 / 124 (0.81%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Tiredness and not feeling right
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 125 (0.00%)
    1 / 124 (0.81%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Gastritis reported by GP. Discharge summary indicates pulmonary embolism.
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    0 / 124 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Light headed, breathless, tiredness and flatulence.
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    0 / 124 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Thirst and dry mouth
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    0 / 124 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Tiredness and loss of appetite
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    0 / 124 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Unobtainable
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 125 (1.60%)
    0 / 124 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Faecal soiling
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 125 (0.00%)
    1 / 124 (0.81%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Nausea and loss of appetite
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 125 (0.00%)
    1 / 124 (0.81%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Constipation and dry skin
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 125 (0.00%)
    1 / 124 (0.81%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Stomach upset (no diarrhoea), light headedness and dizziness
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 125 (0.00%)
    1 / 124 (0.81%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Abdominal pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    1 / 124 (0.81%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Constipation
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 125 (0.00%)
    2 / 124 (1.61%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    2
    Diarrhoea
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 125 (1.60%)
    0 / 124 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Constipation and headache
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    0 / 124 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    GI upset
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    0 / 124 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Indigestion and belching
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    0 / 124 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Loose stools and bloating
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    0 / 124 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Loose stools, gastric upset and extreme flatulence
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    0 / 124 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Nausea and diarrhoea
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    0 / 124 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Taste disturbance and bloated stomach
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    0 / 124 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    Chest pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    0 / 124 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
    Muscle pain in both arms
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 125 (0.80%)
    0 / 124 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0

    More information

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    Substantial protocol amendments (globally)

    Were there any global substantial amendments to the protocol? Yes
    Date
    Amendment
    04 Jul 2014
    Change of Sponsor from sole sponsored by the University of Cambridge to being joint sponsored by Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Cambridge.
    10 Nov 2014
    1) Criteria for withdrawal of participants on safety grounds. Updated reasons for discontinuation of study medication are: * An adverse event which requires discontinuation of the study medication or results in inability to continue to comply with study procedures. Study drug can be resumed if the event resolves. * Development of chronic kidney disease (CKD stage 3b or worse, eGFR<45ml/min). 2) Clarification of primary and secondary outcomes for the full trial (did not affect feasibility phase) 3) New wording for emergency unblinding and study discontinuation 4) New procedures for study management in line with the change of Sponsor
    13 Apr 2016
    Sample size for feasibility phase changed from 500 to 250

    Interruptions (globally)

    Were there any global interruptions to the trial? No

    Limitations and caveats

    Limitations of the trial such as small numbers of subjects analysed or technical problems leading to unreliable data.
    Early termination of study due to limited funding only allowing the feasibility phase to be carried out
    For support, Contact us.
    The status and protocol content of GB trials is no longer updated since 1 January 2021. For the UK, as of 31 January 2021, EU Law applies only to the territory of Northern Ireland (NI) to the extent foreseen in the Protocol on Ireland/NI. Legal notice
    As of 31 January 2023, all EU/EEA initial clinical trial applications must be submitted through CTIS . Updated EudraCT trials information and information on PIP/Art 46 trials conducted exclusively in third countries continues to be submitted through EudraCT and published on this website.

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