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    Clinical Trial Results:
    A randomised, double-blind placebo controlled trial of the effectiveness of low dose oral theophylline as an adjunct to inhaled corticosteroids in preventing exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

    Summary
    EudraCT number
    2013-001490-25
    Trial protocol
    GB  
    Global end of trial date
    06 Sep 2017

    Results information
    Results version number
    v1(current)
    This version publication date
    11 Dec 2020
    First version publication date
    11 Dec 2020
    Other versions

    Trial information

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    Trial identification
    Sponsor protocol code
    3/016/13
    Additional study identifiers
    ISRCTN number
    ISRCTN27066620
    US NCT number
    -
    WHO universal trial number (UTN)
    -
    Sponsors
    Sponsor organisation name
    University of Aberdeen
    Sponsor organisation address
    Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom, AB25 2ZD
    Public contact
    Seonaidh Cotton, University of Aberdeen, 44 01224438178, s.c.cotton@abdn.ac.uk
    Scientific contact
    Seonaidh Cotton, University of Aberdeen, 44 01224438178, s.c.cotton@abdn.ac.uk
    Paediatric regulatory details
    Is trial part of an agreed paediatric investigation plan (PIP)
    No
    Does article 45 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Does article 46 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Results analysis stage
    Analysis stage
    Final
    Date of interim/final analysis
    22 Nov 2017
    Is this the analysis of the primary completion data?
    Yes
    Primary completion date
    06 Sep 2017
    Global end of trial reached?
    Yes
    Global end of trial date
    06 Sep 2017
    Was the trial ended prematurely?
    No
    General information about the trial
    Main objective of the trial
    The primary objective is to determine whether adding low-dose theophylline to existing treatment (inhaled corticosteroid therapy) in patients who have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease will reduce the number of exacerbations (or flare-ups) of the condition. If the treatment is effective, we will also assess whether it is cost effective.
    Protection of trial subjects
    Patients had 24 hour / day contact number for study team
    Background therapy
    -
    Evidence for comparator
    -
    Actual start date of recruitment
    01 Sep 2013
    Long term follow-up planned
    No
    Independent data monitoring committee (IDMC) involvement?
    Yes
    Population of trial subjects
    Number of subjects enrolled per country
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    United Kingdom: 1567
    Worldwide total number of subjects
    1567
    EEA total number of subjects
    1567
    Number of subjects enrolled per age group
    In utero
    0
    Preterm newborn - gestational age < 37 wk
    0
    Newborns (0-27 days)
    0
    Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    0
    Children (2-11 years)
    0
    Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0
    Adults (18-64 years)
    471
    From 65 to 84 years
    1068
    85 years and over
    28

    Subject disposition

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    Recruitment
    Recruitment details
    -

    Pre-assignment
    Screening details
    1648 screened, 62 were not eligible, 8 eligible but did not consent, 1578 randomised, but 11 excluded post-randomisation, so 1567 included in study for baseline

    Period 1
    Period 1 title
    Overall trial (overall period)
    Is this the baseline period?
    Yes
    Allocation method
    Randomised - controlled
    Blinding used
    Double blind
    Roles blinded
    Subject, Investigator, Data analyst

    Arms
    Are arms mutually exclusive
    Yes

    Arm title
    Placebo
    Arm description
    -
    Arm type
    Placebo

    Investigational medicinal product name
    placebo
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Tablet
    Routes of administration
    Oral use
    Dosage and administration details
    Twice a day for 52 weeks

    Arm title
    Theophylline
    Arm description
    -
    Arm type
    Experimental

    Investigational medicinal product name
    uniphyllin
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Tablet
    Routes of administration
    Oral use
    Dosage and administration details
    Uniphyllin MR 200 mg tablets taken once or twice a day for 52 weeks

    Number of subjects in period 1
    Placebo Theophylline
    Started
    779
    788
    Completed
    764
    772
    Not completed
    15
    16
         Lost to follow-up
    15
    16

    Baseline characteristics

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    Baseline characteristics reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Placebo
    Reporting group description
    -

    Reporting group title
    Theophylline
    Reporting group description
    -

    Reporting group values
    Placebo Theophylline Total
    Number of subjects
    779 788 1567
    Age categorical
    Units: Subjects
        In utero
    0
        Preterm newborn infants (gestational age < 37 wks)
    0
        Newborns (0-27 days)
    0
        Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    0
        Children (2-11 years)
    0
        Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0
        Adults (18-64 years)
    0
        From 65-84 years
    0
        85 years and over
    0
    Age continuous
    Units: years
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    68.5 ± 8.6 68.3 ± 8.2 -
    Gender categorical
    Units: Subjects
        Female
    361 363 724
        Male
    418 425 843

    End points

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    End points reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Placebo
    Reporting group description
    -

    Reporting group title
    Theophylline
    Reporting group description
    -

    Primary: Number of exacerbations

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    End point title
    Number of exacerbations
    End point description
    End point type
    Primary
    End point timeframe
    Number of exacerbations during 12 months of follow-up
    End point values
    Placebo Theophylline
    Number of subjects analysed
    764
    772
    Units: number
    764
    772
    Statistical analysis title
    Negative binomial for primary outcome
    Statistical analysis description
    The primary outcome (number of COPD exacerbations requiring antibiotics and/or oral corticosteroids in the 12 month treatment period following randomisation) was compared between randomised groups using a generalised linear model with log-link function, over dispersion parameter and length of time in study as an offset. The estimated treatment effect is presented as unadjusted rate ratio followed by adjusted rate ratio for a set of pre-specified baseline variables. The adjustment variables were
    Comparison groups
    Placebo v Theophylline
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    1536
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    < 0.05
    Method
    Negative binomial model
    Parameter type
    Risk ratio (RR)
    Point estimate
    0.99
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.91
         upper limit
    1.08

    Secondary: COPD hospital admissions

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    End point title
    COPD hospital admissions
    End point description
    Number of hospital admissions for COPD related reasons between randomisation and 12 months follow-up
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Between randomisation and 12 months post randomisation.
    End point values
    Placebo Theophylline
    Number of subjects analysed
    764
    772
    Units: number
    764
    772
    Statistical analysis title
    Secondary outcome: COPD hospital admission
    Statistical analysis description
    Negative binomial model for outcome number of hospital admissions for COPD. Model offset by time in study, and model adjusted for covariates listed for primary outcome.
    Comparison groups
    Placebo v Theophylline
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    1536
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.02
    Method
    Negative binomial model
    Parameter type
    Risk ratio (RR)
    Point estimate
    0.72
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.55
         upper limit
    0.94

    Secondary: Non-COPD hospital admissions

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    End point title
    Non-COPD hospital admissions
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    From randomisation to 12 months post randomisation
    End point values
    Placebo Theophylline
    Number of subjects analysed
    755
    762
    Units: Number
    755
    762
    Statistical analysis title
    Non-COPD hospital admissions
    Comparison groups
    Placebo v Theophylline
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    1517
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    Method
    Parameter type
    Risk ratio (RR)
    Point estimate
    0.99
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.71
         upper limit
    1.38

    Secondary: FEV1 % predicted

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    End point title
    FEV1 % predicted
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    FEV1 measured at baseline, 26 and 52 weeks followup.
    End point values
    Placebo Theophylline
    Number of subjects analysed
    761
    771
    Units: % predicted FEV1 (volume per second)
        least squares mean (standard error)
    55.81 ± 2.62
    55.25 ± 2.64
    Statistical analysis title
    FEV1% predicted
    Statistical analysis description
    Mixed effect models used to compare FEv1 % predicted between placebo and theophylline
    Comparison groups
    Placebo v Theophylline
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    1532
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    other
    Method
    Mixed models analysis
    Parameter type
    Mean difference (net)
    Point estimate
    -0.56
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    -2.42
         upper limit
    1.3

    Secondary: COPD assessment test (CAT)

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    End point title
    COPD assessment test (CAT)
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Measured baseline, 26 and 52 weeks.
    End point values
    Placebo Theophylline
    Number of subjects analysed
    760
    772
    Units: Score 0 to 40
        arithmetic mean (standard error)
    21.20 ± 1.07
    21.21 ± 1.07
    Statistical analysis title
    Secondary outcome: CAT score
    Statistical analysis description
    mixed model of CAT score as outcome,
    Comparison groups
    Placebo v Theophylline
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    1532
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.975
    Method
    Mixed models analysis
    Parameter type
    Mean difference (net)
    Point estimate
    0.01
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    -0.65
         upper limit
    0.68

    Secondary: mMRC dyspnea score

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    End point title
    mMRC dyspnea score
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Collected at baseline, 26 amd 52 weeks
    End point values
    Placebo Theophylline
    Number of subjects analysed
    615
    631
    Units: score 0 to 4
    number (not applicable)
        0: Breathless on strenuous exercie
    52
    38
        1: Breathless hurrying
    158
    186
        2: Slower than contemporaries
    182
    174
        3: Stop after 100m
    167
    178
        4: Breathless after leaving house
    56
    55
    Statistical analysis title
    mMRC dysponea score
    Statistical analysis description
    Chi-squared test between score and treatment group
    Comparison groups
    Placebo v Theophylline
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    1246
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority [1]
    P-value
    = 0.31
    Method
    Chi-squared
    Confidence interval
    Notes
    [1] - Chi-squared on difference at 52 weeks

    Secondary: Pneumonia

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    End point title
    Pneumonia
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Binary variable indicating whether at pneumonia during the 12 month follow-up period.
    End point values
    Placebo Theophylline
    Number of subjects analysed
    764
    772
    Units: number of participants
    9
    14
    Statistical analysis title
    Pneumonia
    Statistical analysis description
    Mixed effects logistic model, unadjusted estimates due to small event count
    Comparison groups
    Placebo v Theophylline
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    1536
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.307
    Method
    Mixed models analysis
    Parameter type
    Odds ratio (OR)
    Point estimate
    1.55
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.67
         upper limit
    3.62

    Secondary: All-cause mortality

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    End point title
    All-cause mortality
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Count of number of people who die during the 12 month follow-up
    End point values
    Placebo Theophylline
    Number of subjects analysed
    764
    772
    Units: Number of particpants dying
    14
    19
    Statistical analysis title
    All_cause mortality
    Statistical analysis description
    Cox regression model, unadjusted
    Comparison groups
    Placebo v Theophylline
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    1536
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.398
    Method
    Regression, Cox
    Parameter type
    Hazard ratio (HR)
    Point estimate
    1.35
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.68
         upper limit
    2.69

    Secondary: COPD related mortality

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    End point title
    COPD related mortality
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    During the 12 months follow-up
    End point values
    Placebo Theophylline
    Number of subjects analysed
    764
    772
    Units: Number dead with COPD reasons
    8
    7
    Statistical analysis title
    COPD related mortality
    Statistical analysis description
    Cox regression
    Comparison groups
    Placebo v Theophylline
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    1536
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.785
    Method
    Regression, Cox
    Parameter type
    Hazard ratio (HR)
    Point estimate
    0.77
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.29
         upper limit
    2.07

    Adverse events

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    Adverse events information [1]
    Timeframe for reporting adverse events
    12 months of trial participation
    Assessment type
    Systematic
    Dictionary used for adverse event reporting
    Dictionary name
    MedDRA
    Dictionary version
    21.0
    Reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Placebo
    Reporting group description
    -

    Reporting group title
    Theophylline
    Reporting group description
    -

    Notes
    [1] - There are no non-serious adverse events recorded for these results. It is expected that there will be at least one non-serious adverse event reported.
    Justification: The side effect profile of theophylline is well established (has been used for 80 years), collection of AE data would not add to the scientific body of knowledge and could not justify the resources required to collect these data
    Serious adverse events
    Placebo Theophylline
    Total subjects affected by serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    108 / 770 (14.03%)
    103 / 783 (13.15%)
         number of deaths (all causes)
    14
    19
         number of deaths resulting from adverse events
    0
    0
    Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps)
    Bladder cancer
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Breast cancer
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    3 / 783 (0.38%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Carcinoid tumour
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Carcinoid tumour of the caecum
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Colon cancer
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Hepatic cancer metastatic
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Lung neoplasm
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 770 (0.39%)
    7 / 783 (0.89%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 3
    0 / 8
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Neoplasm malignant
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    2 / 783 (0.26%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pancreatic carcinoma
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Prostate cancer
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Squamous cell carcinoma
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Uterine cancer
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Tongue neoplasm malignant stage unspecified
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Vascular disorders
    Aortic aneurysm
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    2 / 783 (0.26%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 2
    Cerebral haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Circulatory collapse
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 770 (0.26%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Deep vein thrombosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    2 / 783 (0.26%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hypertension
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Orthostatic hypotension
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    13 / 783 (1.66%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Subdural haematoma
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Vascular occlusion
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Migraine
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Surgical and medical procedures
    Carotid endarterectomy
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Urethrotomy
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    General disorders and administration site conditions
    Chest pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 770 (0.39%)
    2 / 783 (0.26%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 3
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Injection site pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Malaise
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Reproductive system and breast disorders
    Chest pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Dyspnoea
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    Asthma
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Bronchiectasis
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 770 (0.26%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
         subjects affected / exposed
    5 / 770 (0.65%)
    4 / 783 (0.51%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 5
    0 / 4
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 5
    0 / 2
    Haemoptysis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hyperventilation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hypoxia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Lower respiratory tract infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 770 (0.26%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
    Pleural effusion
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pleurisy
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pleuritic pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    3 / 783 (0.38%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pneumonia aspiration
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Pneumothorax
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pulmonary embolism
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 770 (0.39%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 3
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Respiratory failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Pneumonia
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 770 (0.39%)
    2 / 783 (0.26%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 3
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 2
    Psychiatric disorders
    Completed suicide
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    103 / 783 (13.15%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Depression
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Suicide attempt
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Investigations
    Blood calcium
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Weight decreased
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Injury, poisoning and procedural complications
    Accidental death
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Acetabulum fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Alcohol poisoning
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Ankle fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Contusion
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 770 (0.26%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Fall
         subjects affected / exposed
    5 / 770 (0.65%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 5
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Femoral neck fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 770 (0.26%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Femur fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Head injury
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Multiple fractures
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Postoperative wound infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Prescribed overdose
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Procedural vomiting
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Rib fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 770 (0.39%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 3
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Substance-induced psychotic disorder
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Tibia fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Ulna fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Wrist fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Skin laceration
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cardiac disorders
    Acute coronary syndrome
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Acute myocardial infarction
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 770 (0.39%)
    2 / 783 (0.26%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 3
    1 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Acute pulmonary oedema
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Angina pectoris
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 770 (0.26%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Angina unstable
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 770 (0.26%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Atrial fibrillation
         subjects affected / exposed
    4 / 770 (0.52%)
    13 / 783 (1.66%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 4
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Atrial tachycardia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Atrioventricular block
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cardiac arrest
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 770 (0.26%)
    3 / 783 (0.38%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 3
    Cardiac failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 770 (0.39%)
    2 / 783 (0.26%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 4
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    chest pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Left ventricular failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Myocardial infarction
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 770 (0.26%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Palpitations
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 770 (0.26%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    2 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pulmonary congestion
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    103 / 783 (13.15%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pulmonary oedema
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Sinus tachycardia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Stress cardiomyopathy
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Syncope
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    13 / 783 (1.66%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Tachycardia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    2 / 783 (0.26%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    2 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Ventricular tachycardia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    103 / 783 (13.15%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Nervous system disorders
    Cerebral haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cerebral infarction
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cerebrovascular accident
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    3 / 783 (0.38%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Frontotemporal dementia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Headache
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Ischaemic stroke
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Spinal stenosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    2 / 783 (0.26%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Subdural haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    13 / 783 (1.66%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Subdural haematoma
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Transient ischaemic attack
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Vertigo
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hemiparesis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Subarachnoid haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Blood and lymphatic system disorders
    Iron deficiency anaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Abdominal pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    4 / 783 (0.51%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 4
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Anal abscess
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Appendicitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    2 / 783 (0.26%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Colitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Constipation
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 770 (0.26%)
    3 / 783 (0.38%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Diverticulitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 770 (0.26%)
    2 / 783 (0.26%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 3
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Duodenal ulcer perforation
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Dyspepsia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Dysphagia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Foreign body in gastrointestinal tract
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Gastritis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Gastroenteritis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    2 / 783 (0.26%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Gastrointestinal haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Haematemesis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Intestinal obstruction
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    2 / 783 (0.26%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Oesophageal stenosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Oesophagitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pancreatitis acute
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Rectal haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Small intestinal obstruction
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Vomiting
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hepatobiliary disorders
    Biliary sepsis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cholangitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    103 / 783 (13.15%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cholelithiasis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Jaundice cholestatic
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hepatitis acute
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
    Rash
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Renal and urinary disorders
    Acute kidney injury
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Calculus urinary
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Genitourinary tract infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    2 / 783 (0.26%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Haematuria
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Nephrolithiasis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Nephropathy
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Renal colic
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Renal failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Urinary retention
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
    Arthralgia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Back pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Gout
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Muscle spasms
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Musculoskeletal pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    3 / 783 (0.38%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Musculoskeletal stiffness
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Neck pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Infections and infestations
    Arthritis infective
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Bacteraemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Blister infected
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cellulitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    5 / 783 (0.64%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 5
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Periumbilical abscess
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Sepsis
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 770 (0.39%)
    1 / 783 (0.13%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 3
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Urinary tract infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 770 (0.13%)
    4 / 783 (0.51%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 4
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Metabolism and nutrition disorders
    Refeeding syndrome
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    13 / 783 (1.66%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Frequency threshold for reporting non-serious adverse events: 0%
    Non-serious adverse events
    Placebo Theophylline
    Total subjects affected by non serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 770 (0.00%)
    0 / 783 (0.00%)

    More information

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    Substantial protocol amendments (globally)

    Were there any global substantial amendments to the protocol? No

    Interruptions (globally)

    Were there any global interruptions to the trial? No

    Limitations and caveats

    Limitations of the trial such as small numbers of subjects analysed or technical problems leading to unreliable data.
    None reported

    Online references

    http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30326124
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