Clinical Trial Results:
A double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, two-part study to investigate the pharmacokinetics, followed by efficacy and safety of GWP42006 as add-on therapy in patients with inadequately controlled focal seizures.
Summary
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EudraCT number |
2014-002594-11 |
Trial protocol |
GB CZ ES HU |
Global end of trial date |
01 Sep 2017
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Results information
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Results version number |
v1(current) |
This version publication date |
15 Feb 2019
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First version publication date |
15 Feb 2019
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Other versions |
Trial Information
Subject Disposition
Baseline Characteristics
End Points
Adverse Events
More Information
Subject Disposition
Baseline Characteristics
End Points
Adverse Events
More Information
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Trial identification
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Sponsor protocol code |
GWEP1330
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Additional study identifiers
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ISRCTN number |
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US NCT number |
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WHO universal trial number (UTN) |
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Other trial identifiers |
NCT Number (Part A): NCT02369471, NCT Number (Part B): NCT02365610 | ||
Sponsors
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Sponsor organisation name |
GW Research Ltd.
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Sponsor organisation address |
Sovereign House, Vision Park, Chivers Way, Histon, Cambridge, United Kingdom, CB24 9BZ
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Public contact |
GW Research Ltd. Switchboard, GW Research Ltd., +44 1223266800, info@gwpharm.com
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Scientific contact |
GW Research Ltd. Switchboard, GW Research Ltd., +44 1223266800, info@gwpharm.com
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Paediatric regulatory details
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Is trial part of an agreed paediatric investigation plan (PIP) |
No
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Does article 45 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial? |
No
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Does article 46 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial? |
No
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Results analysis stage
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Analysis stage |
Final
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Date of interim/final analysis |
01 Sep 2017
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Is this the analysis of the primary completion data? |
Yes
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Primary completion date |
01 Sep 2017
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Global end of trial reached? |
Yes
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Global end of trial date |
01 Sep 2017
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Was the trial ended prematurely? |
No
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General information about the trial
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Main objective of the trial |
Part A: To determine the pharmacokinetics of GWP42006 and human metabolites, 7-hydroxy-cannabidivarin (7-OH-CBDV) and 6-hydroxy-cannabidivarin (6-OH-CBDV), in the presence of other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). To evaluate the safety and tolerability of GWP42006 compared with placebo, in the presence of other AEDs. To evaluate the effects of GWP42006 on plasma concentrations of concomitant AEDs.
Part B: To evaluate the efficacy of GWP42006, compared with placebo, as add-on therapy to treat inadequately controlled focal seizures.
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Protection of trial subjects |
This trial was conducted in accordance with International Council on Harmonisation (ICH) Good Clinical Practice, and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, in addition to following the laws and regulations of the country or countries in which a trial is conducted.
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Background therapy |
- | ||
Evidence for comparator |
- | ||
Actual start date of recruitment |
28 Apr 2015
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Long term follow-up planned |
No
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Independent data monitoring committee (IDMC) involvement? |
Yes
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Population of trial subjects
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Number of subjects enrolled per country |
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Country: Number of subjects enrolled |
Poland: 98
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Country: Number of subjects enrolled |
Spain: 19
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Country: Number of subjects enrolled |
United Kingdom: 21
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Country: Number of subjects enrolled |
Czech Republic: 32
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Country: Number of subjects enrolled |
Hungary: 24
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Worldwide total number of subjects |
194
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EEA total number of subjects |
194
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Number of subjects enrolled per age group |
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In utero |
0
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Preterm newborn - gestational age < 37 wk |
0
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Newborns (0-27 days) |
0
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Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months) |
0
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Children (2-11 years) |
0
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Adolescents (12-17 years) |
0
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Adults (18-64 years) |
194
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From 65 to 84 years |
0
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85 years and over |
0
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Recruitment
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Recruitment details |
- | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pre-assignment
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Screening details |
This trial consisted of 2 parts. Part A included participants who had focal seizures despite prior treatment with at least 2 AEDs and who were currently taking 1 to 3 AEDs. Part B included participants who had well-documented histories of focal seizures despite prior treatment with at least 2 AEDs and who were currently taking 1 to 3 AEDs. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Period 1
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Period 1 title |
Parts A and B Combined (overall period)
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Is this the baseline period? |
Yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Allocation method |
Randomised - controlled
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Blinding used |
Double blind | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Roles blinded |
Subject, Investigator, Monitor | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Blinding implementation details |
The study drug was provided in a packed and labelled state. Following randomization, participants were allocated a prepacked, numbered study drug. The identity of the study drug assigned to participants was held by an interactive voice response system.
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Arms
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Are arms mutually exclusive |
Yes
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Arm title
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Part A: GWP42006, 400 mg twice daily | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arm description |
Part A consisted of a 2-week baseline period and a 2-week treatment period. Participants were required to attend 6 trial visits, with a follow-up call 4 weeks after the last dose of study drug. GWP42006 was taken orally, 400 milligrams (mg) twice daily for 2 weeks, by participants who were categorized into 1 of 3 groups according to their concomitant AED regimen at trial entry. Group 1 included participants who took inducer AEDs (carbamazepine, phenobarbital, primidone, or phenytoin), but did not take inhibitor AEDs (valproic acid). Group 2 included participants who took inhibitor AEDs (valproic acid), but who did not take inducer AEDs (carbamazepine, phenobarbital, primidone, or phenytoin). Group 3 included participants on AEDs that were neither inducers nor inhibitors. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arm type |
Experimental | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investigational medicinal product name |
GWP42006
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Investigational medicinal product code |
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Other name |
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Pharmaceutical forms |
Oral solution
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Routes of administration |
Oral use
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Dosage and administration details |
GWP42006 was taken orally as an oral solution containing 50 mg/milliliter (mL) CBDV dissolved in the excipients sesame oil and anhydrous ethanol (79 mg/mL) with added sweetener (sucralose 0.5 mg/mL) and strawberry flavoring (0.2 mg/mL).
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Arm title
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Part A: Placebo, 400 mg twice daily | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arm description |
Part A consisted of a 2-week baseline period and a 2-week treatment period. Participants were required to attend 6 trial visits, with a follow-up call 4 weeks after the last dose of study drug. Placebo was taken orally, 400 mg twice daily for 2 weeks, by participants who were categorized into 1 of 3 groups according to their concomitant AED regimen at trial entry. Group 1 included participants who took inducer AEDs (carbamazepine, phenobarbital, primidone, or phenytoin), but did not take inhibitor AEDs (valproic acid). Group 2 included participants who took inhibitor AEDs (valproic acid), but who did not take inducer AEDs (carbamazepine, phenobarbital, primidone, or phenytoin). Group 3 included participants on AEDs that were neither inducers nor inhibitors. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arm type |
Placebo | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investigational medicinal product name |
Placebo
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Investigational medicinal product code |
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Other name |
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Pharmaceutical forms |
Oral solution
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Routes of administration |
Oral use
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Dosage and administration details |
Placebo oral solution contained the excipients sesame oil (0 mg/mL CBDV) and anhydrous ethanol (79 mg/mL) with added sweetener (sucralose, 0.5 mg/mL) and strawberry flavoring (0.2 mg/mL).
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Arm title
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Part B: GWP42006, 800 mg twice daily | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arm description |
Part B consisted of a 4-week baseline period, a 2-week dose-escalation period, a 6-week stable treatment period, and a 12-day taper period. GWP42006 was taken orally, 800 mg twice daily, for approximately 10 weeks. Participants were required to attend 8 trial visits, with a follow-up call 4 weeks after the last dose. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arm type |
Experimental | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investigational medicinal product name |
GWP42006
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Investigational medicinal product code |
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Other name |
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Pharmaceutical forms |
Oral solution
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Routes of administration |
Oral use
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Dosage and administration details |
GWP42006 was taken orally as an oral solution containing 50 mg/mL CBDV dissolved in the excipients sesame oil and anhydrous ethanol (79 mg/mL) with added sweetener (sucralose 0.5 mg/mL) and strawberry flavoring (0.2 mg/mL).
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Arm title
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Part B: Placebo, 800 mg twice daily | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arm description |
Part B consisted of a 4-week baseline period, a 2-week dose-escalation period, a 6-week stable treatment period, and a 12-day taper period. Placebo was taken orally, 800 mg twice daily, for approximately 10 weeks. Participants were required to attend 8 trial visits, with a follow-up call 4 weeks after the last dose. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Arm type |
Placebo | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investigational medicinal product name |
Placebo
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Investigational medicinal product code |
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Other name |
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Pharmaceutical forms |
Oral solution
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Routes of administration |
Oral use
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Dosage and administration details |
Placebo oral solution contained the excipients sesame oil (0 mg/mL CBDV) and anhydrous ethanol (79 mg/mL) with added sweetener (sucralose, 0.5 mg/mL) and strawberry flavoring (0.2 mg/mL).
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Baseline characteristics reporting groups
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Reporting group title |
Part A: GWP42006, 400 mg twice daily
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Reporting group description |
Part A consisted of a 2-week baseline period and a 2-week treatment period. Participants were required to attend 6 trial visits, with a follow-up call 4 weeks after the last dose of study drug. GWP42006 was taken orally, 400 milligrams (mg) twice daily for 2 weeks, by participants who were categorized into 1 of 3 groups according to their concomitant AED regimen at trial entry. Group 1 included participants who took inducer AEDs (carbamazepine, phenobarbital, primidone, or phenytoin), but did not take inhibitor AEDs (valproic acid). Group 2 included participants who took inhibitor AEDs (valproic acid), but who did not take inducer AEDs (carbamazepine, phenobarbital, primidone, or phenytoin). Group 3 included participants on AEDs that were neither inducers nor inhibitors. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Reporting group title |
Part A: Placebo, 400 mg twice daily
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Reporting group description |
Part A consisted of a 2-week baseline period and a 2-week treatment period. Participants were required to attend 6 trial visits, with a follow-up call 4 weeks after the last dose of study drug. Placebo was taken orally, 400 mg twice daily for 2 weeks, by participants who were categorized into 1 of 3 groups according to their concomitant AED regimen at trial entry. Group 1 included participants who took inducer AEDs (carbamazepine, phenobarbital, primidone, or phenytoin), but did not take inhibitor AEDs (valproic acid). Group 2 included participants who took inhibitor AEDs (valproic acid), but who did not take inducer AEDs (carbamazepine, phenobarbital, primidone, or phenytoin). Group 3 included participants on AEDs that were neither inducers nor inhibitors. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Reporting group title |
Part B: GWP42006, 800 mg twice daily
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Reporting group description |
Part B consisted of a 4-week baseline period, a 2-week dose-escalation period, a 6-week stable treatment period, and a 12-day taper period. GWP42006 was taken orally, 800 mg twice daily, for approximately 10 weeks. Participants were required to attend 8 trial visits, with a follow-up call 4 weeks after the last dose. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Reporting group title |
Part B: Placebo, 800 mg twice daily
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Reporting group description |
Part B consisted of a 4-week baseline period, a 2-week dose-escalation period, a 6-week stable treatment period, and a 12-day taper period. Placebo was taken orally, 800 mg twice daily, for approximately 10 weeks. Participants were required to attend 8 trial visits, with a follow-up call 4 weeks after the last dose. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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End points reporting groups
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Reporting group title |
Part A: GWP42006, 400 mg twice daily
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Reporting group description |
Part A consisted of a 2-week baseline period and a 2-week treatment period. Participants were required to attend 6 trial visits, with a follow-up call 4 weeks after the last dose of study drug. GWP42006 was taken orally, 400 milligrams (mg) twice daily for 2 weeks, by participants who were categorized into 1 of 3 groups according to their concomitant AED regimen at trial entry. Group 1 included participants who took inducer AEDs (carbamazepine, phenobarbital, primidone, or phenytoin), but did not take inhibitor AEDs (valproic acid). Group 2 included participants who took inhibitor AEDs (valproic acid), but who did not take inducer AEDs (carbamazepine, phenobarbital, primidone, or phenytoin). Group 3 included participants on AEDs that were neither inducers nor inhibitors. | ||
Reporting group title |
Part A: Placebo, 400 mg twice daily
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Reporting group description |
Part A consisted of a 2-week baseline period and a 2-week treatment period. Participants were required to attend 6 trial visits, with a follow-up call 4 weeks after the last dose of study drug. Placebo was taken orally, 400 mg twice daily for 2 weeks, by participants who were categorized into 1 of 3 groups according to their concomitant AED regimen at trial entry. Group 1 included participants who took inducer AEDs (carbamazepine, phenobarbital, primidone, or phenytoin), but did not take inhibitor AEDs (valproic acid). Group 2 included participants who took inhibitor AEDs (valproic acid), but who did not take inducer AEDs (carbamazepine, phenobarbital, primidone, or phenytoin). Group 3 included participants on AEDs that were neither inducers nor inhibitors. | ||
Reporting group title |
Part B: GWP42006, 800 mg twice daily
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Reporting group description |
Part B consisted of a 4-week baseline period, a 2-week dose-escalation period, a 6-week stable treatment period, and a 12-day taper period. GWP42006 was taken orally, 800 mg twice daily, for approximately 10 weeks. Participants were required to attend 8 trial visits, with a follow-up call 4 weeks after the last dose. | ||
Reporting group title |
Part B: Placebo, 800 mg twice daily
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Reporting group description |
Part B consisted of a 4-week baseline period, a 2-week dose-escalation period, a 6-week stable treatment period, and a 12-day taper period. Placebo was taken orally, 800 mg twice daily, for approximately 10 weeks. Participants were required to attend 8 trial visits, with a follow-up call 4 weeks after the last dose. |
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End point title |
Percent Reduction From Baseline In Focal Seizure Frequency In Participants Taking GWP42006 Compared With Placebo During The Treatment Period [1] | ||||||||||||
End point description |
This end point reports the evaluation of the efficacy of GWP42006, compared with placebo, as add-on therapy to treat inadequately controlled focal seizures (defined as: focal motor seizures without impairment of consciousness or awareness; focal seizures with impairment of consciousness or awareness, and focal seizures evolving to bilateral convulsive seizures). The reported outcome variable was the change from baseline in focal seizure frequency during the treatment period of the trial. Due to non-normality of the seizure data, negative binomial regression analyses were conducted on the sum of the seizure counts during the treatment period; treatment ratios <1 indicate a difference in favor of GWP42006. The intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis set, all participants who were randomized in Part B, was used in the analysis of this end point.
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End point type |
Primary
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End point timeframe |
Baseline, Day 57 (±3)
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Notes [1] - The end point is not reporting statistics for all the arms in the baseline period. It is expected all the baseline period arms will be reported on when providing values for an end point on the baseline period. Justification: End point not applicable to Part A as changes in focal seizure frequency were not reported for this part of the trial. This end point provides data for Part B of the trial only. |
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Notes [2] - ITT [3] - ITT |
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Statistical analysis title |
Percent Reduction (GWP42006 versus Placebo) | ||||||||||||
Comparison groups |
Part B: GWP42006, 800 mg twice daily v Part B: Placebo, 800 mg twice daily
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Number of subjects included in analysis |
162
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Analysis specification |
Pre-specified
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Analysis type |
other [4] | ||||||||||||
P-value |
= 0.648 | ||||||||||||
Method |
Negative Binomial Regression | ||||||||||||
Parameter type |
Percent Reduction | ||||||||||||
Point estimate |
4.6
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Confidence interval |
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level |
95% | ||||||||||||
sides |
2-sided
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lower limit |
-16.7 | ||||||||||||
upper limit |
21.9 | ||||||||||||
Notes [4] - Treatment Difference |
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End point title |
Participants Who Experienced Treatment-Related, Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) | |||||||||||||||
End point description |
For both Parts A and B, an AE was defined as any new unfavorable/unintended signs/symptoms (including abnormal laboratory findings), or diagnosis or worsening of a pre-existing condition, which was present following baseline screening and the post-treatment, safety follow-up visit, which may or may not have been considered to be related to the study drug. Any event that was the result of a trial procedure was to be recorded as an AE. A TEAE was defined as an AE with a start date on or after the first dose of study drug. If an AE had a partial start date and it was unclear from the partial date (or the stop date) whether the AE started prior to or post first dose of the study drug, then the AE was considered treatment emergent. An AE was considered treatment-related if the plausibility relationship to the study drug was recorded on the case report form as ‘yes’. A summary of serious and other non-serious AEs, regardless of causality, is located in the Adverse Events module.
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End point type |
Secondary
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End point timeframe |
Baseline through Safety Follow-up Visit
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Notes [5] - Safety Set: All participants who received at least 1 dose of GWP42006. [6] - Safety Set: All participants who received at least 1 dose of placebo. [7] - Safety Set: All participants who received at least 1 dose of GWP42006. [8] - Safety Set: All participants who received at least 1 dose of placebo. |
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No statistical analyses for this end point |
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End point title |
Participants Considered Treatment Responders [9] | |||||||||||||||||||||
End point description |
The number of participants considered treatment responders in Part B is summarized and reported. Treatment responders were defined as those participants meeting the 4 following response thresholds for percent reduction (compared to baseline) in focal seizure frequency: ≥25%; ≥50%; ≥75%; 100%.
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End point type |
Secondary
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End point timeframe |
Baseline, Day 57 (±3)
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Notes [9] - The end point is not reporting statistics for all the arms in the baseline period. It is expected all the baseline period arms will be reported on when providing values for an end point on the baseline period. Justification: End point not applicable to Part A as treatment responders were not reported for this part of the trial. This end point provides data for Part B of the trial only. |
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No statistical analyses for this end point |
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Adverse events information
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Timeframe for reporting adverse events |
Part A: Baseline (up to 2 weeks prior to administration of first dose) to the post-treatment, safety follow-up visit (Week 6).
Part B: Baseline (up to 4 weeks prior to administration of first dose) to the post-treatment, safety follow-up visit (Week 14).
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Assessment type |
Systematic | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dictionary used for adverse event reporting
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Dictionary name |
MedDRA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dictionary version |
17.1
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Reporting groups
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Reporting group title |
Part A: GWP42006, 400 mg twice daily
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Reporting group description |
Part A consisted of a 2-week baseline period and a 2-week treatment period. Participants were required to attend 6 trial visits, with a follow-up call 4 weeks after the last dose of study drug. GWP42006 was taken orally, 400 mg twice daily for 2 weeks, by participants who were categorized into 1 of 3 groups according to their concomitant AED regimen at trial entry. Group 1 included participants who took inducer AEDs (carbamazepine, phenobarbital, primidone, or phenytoin), but did not take inhibitor AEDs (valproic acid). Group 2 included participants who took inhibitor AEDs (valproic acid), but who did not take inducer AEDs (carbamazepine, phenobarbital, primidone, or phenytoin). Group 3 included participants on AEDs that were neither inducers nor inhibitors. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Reporting group title |
Part A: Placebo, 400 mg twice daily
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Reporting group description |
Part A consisted of a 2-week baseline period and a 2-week treatment period. Participants were required to attend 6 trial visits, with a follow-up call 4 weeks after the last dose of study drug. Placebo was taken orally, 400 mg twice daily for 2 weeks, by participants who were categorized into 1 of 3 groups according to their concomitant AED regimen at trial entry. Group 1 included participants who took inducer AEDs (carbamazepine, phenobarbital, primidone, or phenytoin), but did not take inhibitor AEDs (valproic acid). Group 2 included participants who took inhibitor AEDs (valproic acid), but who did not take inducer AEDs (carbamazepine, phenobarbital, primidone, or phenytoin). Group 3 included participants on AEDs that were neither inducers nor inhibitors. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Reporting group title |
Part B: GWP42006, 800 mg twice daily
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Reporting group description |
Part B consisted of a 4-week baseline period, a 2-week dose-escalation period, a 6-week stable treatment period, and a 12-day taper period. GWP42006 was taken orally, 800 mg twice daily, for approximately 10 weeks. Participants were required to attend 8 trial visits, with a follow-up call 4 weeks after the last dose. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Reporting group title |
Part B: Placebo, 800 mg twice daily
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Reporting group description |
Part B consisted of a 4-week baseline period, a 2-week dose-escalation period, a 6-week stable treatment period, and a 12-day taper period. Placebo was taken orally, 800 mg twice daily, for approximately 10 weeks. Participants were required to attend 8 trial visits, with a follow-up call 4 weeks after the last dose. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Frequency threshold for reporting non-serious adverse events: 5% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Substantial protocol amendments (globally) |
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Were there any global substantial amendments to the protocol? Yes | |||
Date |
Amendment |
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04 May 2016 |
Amendment 13: Additional pharmacokinetics sample and metabolite analysis. |
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11 May 2016 |
Amendment 14 and Amendment 15: Additional pharmacokinetics sample and metabolite analysis. |
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25 Oct 2016 |
Amendment 16, Amendment 17, and Amendment 18: Increase power to 90% and Part B sample size to 140. |
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Interruptions (globally) |
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Were there any global interruptions to the trial? No | |||
Limitations and caveats |
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Limitations of the trial such as small numbers of subjects analysed or technical problems leading to unreliable data. | |||
None reported |