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    Clinical Trial Results:
    A Randomized, Single-blind, Propofol-controlled Phase III Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Remimazolam in General Anesthesia in Adult Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery, Including Follow-up Sedation in the Post-anesthesia Care Unit / Intensive Care Unit

    Summary
    EudraCT number
    2014-004565-24
    Trial protocol
    DE   BE   NL  
    Global end of trial date
    07 Mar 2016

    Results information
    Results version number
    v1(current)
    This version publication date
    26 Apr 2017
    First version publication date
    26 Apr 2017
    Other versions

    Trial information

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    Trial identification
    Sponsor protocol code
    CNS7056-011
    Additional study identifiers
    ISRCTN number
    -
    US NCT number
    NCT02523859
    WHO universal trial number (UTN)
    -
    Sponsors
    Sponsor organisation name
    PAION UK Limited
    Sponsor organisation address
    Unit D1, Brookmount Court, Kirkwood Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom, CB4 2QH
    Public contact
    Clinical trial information, PAION Deutschland GmbH, +49 (0)24144530, info@paion.com
    Scientific contact
    Clinical trial information, PAION Deutschland GmbH, +49 (0)24144530, info@paion.com
    Paediatric regulatory details
    Is trial part of an agreed paediatric investigation plan (PIP)
    No
    Does article 45 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Does article 46 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Results analysis stage
    Analysis stage
    Final
    Date of interim/final analysis
    03 Feb 2017
    Is this the analysis of the primary completion data?
    Yes
    Primary completion date
    07 Mar 2016
    Global end of trial reached?
    Yes
    Global end of trial date
    07 Mar 2016
    Was the trial ended prematurely?
    Yes
    General information about the trial
    Main objective of the trial
    Randomized, single-blind trial to compare remimazolam and propofol in general anesthesia. Optional use of remimazolam for follow-up sedation on the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) up to a total administration time of 24 hours. Main objectives: efficacy in terms of successful sedation and safety in terms of hemodynamic stability defined as amount of norepinephrine administered during induction and maintenance.
    Protection of trial subjects
    This study was conducted in compliance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and its amendments, the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH), principles of Good Clinical Practice (GCP), and the applicable regulations in the participating countries and the European Union. Conduct of the study was approved by appropriately constituted Independent Ethics Committees in the participating countries.
    Background therapy
    Major non-emergency cardiac surgery, i.e. surgery assumed to require more than 2 hours of maintenance of general anesthesia and the use of extracorporeal circulation. Fentanyl/sufentanil/remifentanil as opioid narcotics and rocuronium bromide as neuro-muscular blocker. Optionally further drugs that are used during heart surgery, e.g. catecholamines, heparin
    Evidence for comparator
    Remimazolam was compared with propofol which is the standard intravenously given sedative-hypnotic agent for general anesthesia in cardiac surgery
    Actual start date of recruitment
    10 Aug 2015
    Long term follow-up planned
    No
    Independent data monitoring committee (IDMC) involvement?
    No
    Population of trial subjects
    Number of subjects enrolled per country
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    France: 4
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Germany: 19
    Worldwide total number of subjects
    23
    EEA total number of subjects
    23
    Number of subjects enrolled per age group
    In utero
    0
    Preterm newborn - gestational age < 37 wk
    0
    Newborns (0-27 days)
    0
    Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    0
    Children (2-11 years)
    0
    Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0
    Adults (18-64 years)
    9
    From 65 to 84 years
    14
    85 years and over
    0

    Subject disposition

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    Recruitment
    Recruitment details
    Patients were recruited at 1 site in France and 5 sites in Germany. Eligible patients were scheduled for non-emergency cardiac surgery, i.e. surgery probably requiring >2 hours maintenance of general anesthesia & extracorporeal circulation, including bypass(es), valve replacement(s), and associated procedures, and on-pump minimal invasive surgery.

    Pre-assignment
    Screening details
    A total of 28 patients were screened. Three patients were not eligible so 25 patients were randomized. Of these 25 randomized patients, 2 patients stopped the study prior to the start of the study medication. The reasons were a protocol deviation and an unscheduled shift of the surgery.

    Period 1
    Period 1 title
    Baseline
    Is this the baseline period?
    Yes
    Allocation method
    Randomised - controlled
    Blinding used
    Single blind
    Roles blinded
    Subject

    Arms
    Are arms mutually exclusive
    Yes

    Arm title
    Remimazolam
    Arm description
    Remimazolam for sedation during induction, maintenance, and recovery, and for ICU sedation as needed
    Arm type
    Experimental

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Remimazolam
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Powder for solution for injection/infusion
    Routes of administration
    Intravenous use
    Dosage and administration details
    Remimazolam 6 mg/kg/hr for induction, 1 - 3 mg/kg/hr for maintenance, remimazolam down titration and stop during recovery. Intravenous administration per syringe pump.

    Arm title
    Propofol
    Arm description
    Propofol for induction, maintenance, and recovery, and during ICU sedation as needed.
    Arm type
    Active comparator

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Propofol
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Emulsion for injection/infusion
    Routes of administration
    Intravenous use
    Dosage and administration details
    Propofol for induction: Bolus administered manually at 1.0 - 2.5 mg/kg slowly over approximately 1 minute. Alternatively, the use of a target-controlled infusion (TCI) system was allowed in clinics where TCI was standard. Propofol for maintenance: 3.0 - 9.0 mg/kg/hr via syringe driver as needed or TCI with target concentrations between 2 and 10 microgram/mL.

    Number of subjects in period 1
    Remimazolam Propofol
    Started
    18
    5
    Completed
    18
    5
    Period 2
    Period 2 title
    Start of induction to end of Follow-up
    Is this the baseline period?
    No
    Allocation method
    Randomised - controlled
    Blinding used
    Single blind
    Roles blinded
    Subject

    Arms
    Are arms mutually exclusive
    Yes

    Arm title
    Remimazolam
    Arm description
    Remimazolam for sedation during induction, maintenance, and recovery, and for ICU sedation as needed
    Arm type
    Experimental

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Remimazolam
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Powder for solution for injection/infusion
    Routes of administration
    Intravenous use
    Dosage and administration details
    Remimazolam 6 mg/kg/hr for induction, 1 - 3 mg/kg/hr for maintenance, remimazolam down titration and stop during recovery. Intravenous administration per syringe pump.

    Arm title
    Propofol
    Arm description
    Propofol for induction, maintenance, and recovery, and during ICU sedation as needed.
    Arm type
    Active comparator

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Propofol
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Emulsion for injection/infusion
    Routes of administration
    Intravenous use
    Dosage and administration details
    Propofol for induction: Bolus administered manually at 1.0 - 2.5 mg/kg slowly over approximately 1 minute. Alternatively, the use of a target-controlled infusion system was allowed in clinics where target-controlled infusion (TCI) was standard. Propofol for maintenance: 3.0 - 9.0 mg/kg/hr via syringe driver as needed or TCI with target concentrations between 2 and 10 microgram/mL.

    Number of subjects in period 2
    Remimazolam Propofol
    Started
    18
    5
    Completed
    18
    5

    Baseline characteristics

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    Baseline characteristics reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Remimazolam
    Reporting group description
    Remimazolam for sedation during induction, maintenance, and recovery, and for ICU sedation as needed

    Reporting group title
    Propofol
    Reporting group description
    Propofol for induction, maintenance, and recovery, and during ICU sedation as needed.

    Reporting group values
    Remimazolam Propofol Total
    Number of subjects
    18 5 23
    Age categorical
    Units: Subjects
        Adults (18-64 years)
    9 0 9
        From 65-84 years
    9 5 14
    Age continuous
    Mean age at baseline
    Units: years
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    63.9 ( 12.47 ) 70.2 ( 6.57 ) -
    Gender categorical
    Units: Subjects
        Female
    0 0 0
        Male
    18 5 23
    Planned surgical procedure
    Units: Subjects
        Bypass(es) only
    7 2 9
        Valve replacement(s) only
    7 2 9
        Other and combined procedures
    4 1 5
    Duration of administration of study medication
    Time from start of administration of study medication to end of administration of study medication
    Units: Minutes
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    385 ( 126.97 ) 381.5 ( 98.07 ) -
    Subject analysis sets

    Subject analysis set title
    mITT Remimazolam
    Subject analysis set type
    Modified intention-to-treat
    Subject analysis set description
    All patients who were randomized to remimazolam and who received any amount of remimazolam

    Subject analysis set title
    mITT Propofol
    Subject analysis set type
    Modified intention-to-treat
    Subject analysis set description
    All patients randomized to propofol and having received any amount of propofol

    Subject analysis set title
    Safety Set Remimazolam
    Subject analysis set type
    Safety analysis
    Subject analysis set description
    All patients exposed to any amount of remimazolam

    Subject analysis set title
    Safety Set Propofol
    Subject analysis set type
    Safety analysis
    Subject analysis set description
    All patients exposed to any amount of propofol

    Subject analysis sets values
    mITT Remimazolam mITT Propofol Safety Set Remimazolam Safety Set Propofol
    Number of subjects
    18
    5
    18
    5
    Age categorical
    Units: Subjects
        Adults (18-64 years)
    9
    0
    9
    0
        From 65-84 years
    9
    5
    9
    5
    Age continuous
    Mean age at baseline
    Units: years
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    63.9 ( 12.47 )
    70.2 ( 6.57 )
    63.9 ( 12.47 )
    70.2 ( 6.57 )
    Gender categorical
    Units: Subjects
        Female
    0
    0
    0
    0
        Male
    18
    5
    18
    5
    Planned surgical procedure
    Units: Subjects
        Bypass(es) only
    7
    2
        Valve replacement(s) only
    7
    2
        Other and combined procedures
    4
    1
    Duration of administration of study medication
    Time from start of administration of study medication to end of administration of study medication
    Units: Minutes
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    385 ( 126.97 )
    381.5 ( 98.07 )
    385 ( 126.97 )
    381.5 ( 98.07 )

    End points

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    End points reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Remimazolam
    Reporting group description
    Remimazolam for sedation during induction, maintenance, and recovery, and for ICU sedation as needed

    Reporting group title
    Propofol
    Reporting group description
    Propofol for induction, maintenance, and recovery, and during ICU sedation as needed.
    Reporting group title
    Remimazolam
    Reporting group description
    Remimazolam for sedation during induction, maintenance, and recovery, and for ICU sedation as needed

    Reporting group title
    Propofol
    Reporting group description
    Propofol for induction, maintenance, and recovery, and during ICU sedation as needed.

    Subject analysis set title
    mITT Remimazolam
    Subject analysis set type
    Modified intention-to-treat
    Subject analysis set description
    All patients who were randomized to remimazolam and who received any amount of remimazolam

    Subject analysis set title
    mITT Propofol
    Subject analysis set type
    Modified intention-to-treat
    Subject analysis set description
    All patients randomized to propofol and having received any amount of propofol

    Subject analysis set title
    Safety Set Remimazolam
    Subject analysis set type
    Safety analysis
    Subject analysis set description
    All patients exposed to any amount of remimazolam

    Subject analysis set title
    Safety Set Propofol
    Subject analysis set type
    Safety analysis
    Subject analysis set description
    All patients exposed to any amount of propofol

    Primary: Successful sedation

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    End point title
    Successful sedation [1]
    End point description
    Sedation was successful if Narcotrend index was 60 or less during at least 85% of the maintenance time and if no rescue sedative medication was administered
    End point type
    Primary
    End point timeframe
    From arrival at operation room or time when anesthesiologist permitted surgical team to start until completion of last skin suture
    Notes
    [1] - No statistical analyses have been specified for this primary end point. It is expected there is at least one statistical analysis for each primary end point.
    Justification: Justification: Due to small numbers of subjects in each treatment group, no formal statistical analysis was performed.
    End point values
    mITT Remimazolam mITT Propofol
    Number of subjects analysed
    18
    5
    Units: Patients
        Success
    14
    4
        No success
    4
    1
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Norepinephrine administered

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    End point title
    Norepinephrine administered
    End point description
    Amount of norepinephrine administered between start of study medication and completion of last skin suture per body weight and time
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    From start of study medication until completion of last skin suture
    End point values
    Safety Set Remimazolam Safety Set Propofol
    Number of subjects analysed
    16 [2]
    4 [3]
    Units: ng/kg/min
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    628.8 ( 477.49 )
    1453.6 ( 1160.37 )
    Notes
    [2] - 16 subjects with norepinephrine used
    [3] - 4 subjects with norepinephrine used
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Use of Rescue Medication

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    End point title
    Use of Rescue Medication
    End point description
    Use of rescue sedative medication in addition to remimazolam or propofol, respectively, to achieve appropriate level of sedation
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    From start of study medication until completion of last skin suture
    End point values
    mITT Remimazolam mITT Propofol
    Number of subjects analysed
    18
    5
    Units: Patients
        Rescue sedative medication used
    2
    0
        Rescue sedative medication not used
    16
    5
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Time to loss of consciousness

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    End point title
    Time to loss of consciousness
    End point description
    Loss of consciousness was when the Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness and Sedation Scale (MOAA/S) was at 1 or below for the first time
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    From start of study medication until loss of consciousnees
    End point values
    mITT Remimazolam mITT Propofol
    Number of subjects analysed
    18
    5
    Units: Seconds
        median (confidence interval 95%)
    135 (89 to 161)
    79 (42 to 419)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Time to intubation completed

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    End point title
    Time to intubation completed
    End point description
    Time from start of remimazolam or propofol, respectively, until the endotracheal intubation was completed
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Time from start of study medication until intubation completed
    End point values
    mITT Remimazolam mITT Propofol
    Number of subjects analysed
    18
    5
    Units: Seconds
        median (confidence interval 95%)
    385.5 (328 to 470)
    322 (277 to 590)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Time to extubation

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    End point title
    Time to extubation
    End point description
    Time from stop of remimazolam or propofol, respectively, until patient was extubated
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Time from stop of study medication until extubation
    End point values
    mITT Remimazolam mITT Propofol
    Number of subjects analysed
    18
    5
    Units: Minutes
        median (confidence interval 95%)
    37.5 (15 to 61)
    37 (2 to 200)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Time to discharge from hospital

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    End point title
    Time to discharge from hospital
    End point description
    Time from start of remimazolam or propofol, respectively, until discharge from hospital where cardiac surgery was performed, regardless whether patient was referred to another hospital or went home
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Time from start of study medication until discharge from hospital
    End point values
    mITT Remimazolam mITT Propofol
    Number of subjects analysed
    18
    5
    Units: days
        median (confidence interval 95%)
    8 (8 to 9)
    9 (7 to 13)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Maintenance time with Narcotrend index 60 or less

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    End point title
    Maintenance time with Narcotrend index 60 or less
    End point description
    Maintenance time with Narcotrend index at 60 or below expressed as percentage of entire time of maintenance of general anesthesia
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    From start of maintenance until last skin suture completed
    End point values
    mITT Remimazolam mITT Propofol
    Number of subjects analysed
    18
    5
    Units: percent
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    87.16 ( 21.836 )
    90.24 ( 3.858 )
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Amount of remifentanil administered

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    End point title
    Amount of remifentanil administered
    End point description
    Total amount of remifentanil administered per body weight. Calculated only for patients without use of TCI.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Amount of opioids administered, remifentanil
    End point values
    mITT Remimazolam mITT Propofol
    Number of subjects analysed
    15
    4
    Units: microgram /kilogram
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    86.89 ( 26.68 )
    92.89 ( 29.127 )
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Fall in mean arterial blood pressure by more than 30%

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    End point title
    Fall in mean arterial blood pressure by more than 30%
    End point description
    Mean arterial blood pressure as measured by the PiCCO (Pulse Contour Cardiac Output) system decreasing by at least 30% from baseline. Measurable only in patients with PiCCO data available.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    From baseline at induction until end of PiCCO recording
    End point values
    Safety Set Remimazolam Safety Set Propofol
    Number of subjects analysed
    14 [4]
    3 [5]
    Units: Patients
    number (not applicable)
        Decrease by 30%
    1
    0
        No decrease by 30%
    13
    3
    Notes
    [4] - 14 patients with PiCCO data available
    [5] - 3 patients with PiCCO data available
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Heart rate at induction below 50 bpm over at least 1 minute

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    End point title
    Heart rate at induction below 50 bpm over at least 1 minute
    End point description
    Heart rate below 50 beats per minute (bpm) over at least 1 minute during induction. Calculated only for patients with PiCCO data recording available.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    During induction
    End point values
    Safety Set Remimazolam Safety Set Propofol
    Number of subjects analysed
    15 [6]
    3 [7]
    Units: Patients
        Heart rate below 50 bpm over 1 min or more
    0
    0
        Heart rate not below 50 bpm over 1 min or more
    15
    3
    Notes
    [6] - 15 patients with PiCCO data available
    [7] - 3 patients with PiCCO data available
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Delirium

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    End point title
    Delirium
    End point description
    Delirium reported as adverse event and/or as result of the Confusion Assessment Method - Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) and/or a result of the Nursing Delirium Screening Scale (Nu-DESC)
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    From start of study medication until discharge from hospital
    End point values
    Safety Set Remimazolam Safety Set Propofol
    Number of subjects analysed
    18
    5
    Units: Patients
        Delirium
    6
    0
        No delirium
    12
    5
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Adverse events

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    Adverse events information
    Timeframe for reporting adverse events
    From signature of informed consent until discharge from hospital
    Adverse event reporting additional description
    Treatment-emergent adverse events were defined as AEs reported during treatment, i.e. at or after the start of the study medication
    Assessment type
    Systematic
    Dictionary used for adverse event reporting
    Dictionary name
    MedDRA
    Dictionary version
    18.0
    Reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Safety Set Remimazolam
    Reporting group description
    Remimazolam for sedation during induction, maintenance, and recovery, and for ICU sedation as needed

    Reporting group title
    Safety Set Propofol
    Reporting group description
    Propofol for induction, maintenance, and recovery, and during ICU sedation as needed.

    Serious adverse events
    Safety Set Remimazolam Safety Set Propofol
    Total subjects affected by serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 18 (16.67%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         number of deaths (all causes)
    0
    0
         number of deaths resulting from adverse events
    0
    0
    Injury, poisoning and procedural complications
    Anaemia postoperative
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Postoperative renal failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    General disorders and administration site conditions
    Impaired healing
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    Pleural effusion
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pneumothorax
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Psychiatric disorders
    Delirium
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Frequency threshold for reporting non-serious adverse events: 0%
    Non-serious adverse events
    Safety Set Remimazolam Safety Set Propofol
    Total subjects affected by non serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    17 / 18 (94.44%)
    4 / 5 (80.00%)
    Vascular disorders
    Circulatory collapse
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 18 (11.11%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Hypertension
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    2 / 5 (40.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    2
    Hypertensive crisis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 18 (0.00%)
    1 / 5 (20.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Hypotension
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 18 (11.11%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    General disorders and administration site conditions
    Chest pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 18 (0.00%)
    1 / 5 (20.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Chills
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 18 (16.67%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    0
    Hangover
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 18 (0.00%)
    1 / 5 (20.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Injection site haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 18 (0.00%)
    1 / 5 (20.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Oedema
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 18 (16.67%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    0
    Oedema peripheral
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 18 (16.67%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    0
    Pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 18 (0.00%)
    1 / 5 (20.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Pyrexia
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 18 (11.11%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    Pleural effusion
         subjects affected / exposed
    9 / 18 (50.00%)
    2 / 5 (40.00%)
         occurrences all number
    9
    2
    Pneumothorax
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Pulmonary congestion
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 18 (11.11%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Respiratory disorder
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Respiratory failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Psychiatric disorders
    Agitation
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 18 (11.11%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Delirium
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 18 (11.11%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Hallucination
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Sleep disorder
         subjects affected / exposed
    8 / 18 (44.44%)
    1 / 5 (20.00%)
         occurrences all number
    8
    1
    Investigations
    Blood phosphorus decreased
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Body temperature increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Enterococcus test positive
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Inflammatory marker increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Oxygen saturation decreased
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 18 (0.00%)
    1 / 5 (20.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Urine output decreased
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Injury, poisoning and procedural complications
    Anaemia postoperative
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 18 (0.00%)
    1 / 5 (20.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Anaesthetic complication neurological
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Delayed recovery from anaesthesia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Procedural nausea
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    2 / 5 (40.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    2
    Procedural vomiting
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    2 / 5 (40.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    2
    Cardiac disorders
    Atrial fibrillation
         subjects affected / exposed
    7 / 18 (38.89%)
    2 / 5 (40.00%)
         occurrences all number
    7
    2
    Atrial flutter
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Atrial thrombosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Bradycardia
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 18 (11.11%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Cardiac failure chronic
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Pericardial effusion
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Nervous system disorders
    Disturbance in attention
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Dizziness
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Headache
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Blood and lymphatic system disorders
    Anaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 18 (11.11%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Haemorrhagic anaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 18 (16.67%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    0
    Leukocytosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 18 (16.67%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    0
    Eye disorders
    Visual impairment
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Constipation
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 18 (16.67%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    0
    Nausea
         subjects affected / exposed
    6 / 18 (33.33%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    6
    0
    Vomiting
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 18 (16.67%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    0
    Renal and urinary disorders
    Haematuria
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    1 / 5 (20.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Incontinence
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Oliguria
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    1 / 5 (20.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Renal failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Urinary incontinence
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 18 (0.00%)
    1 / 5 (20.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Endocrine disorders
    Hypothyroidism
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 18 (0.00%)
    1 / 5 (20.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
    Back pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Infections and infestations
    Pneumonia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Metabolism and nutrition disorders
    Fluid retention
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 18 (11.11%)
    1 / 5 (20.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    1
    Hyperkalaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 18 (11.11%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Hypocalcaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Hypokalaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 5 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0

    More information

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    Substantial protocol amendments (globally)

    Were there any global substantial amendments to the protocol? Yes
    Date
    Amendment
    31 Jul 2015
    1. Changes in the list of persons signing the study protocol and laboratories and institutions involved. 2. Definition of start of maintenance phase adapted for sites with no physical transfer of patients between start of study medication and start of surgical procedure. 3. For propofol, induction dose harmonized with approved label of marketed drug product and use via TCI added. 4. Recommended dosing of remimazolam from end of surgery onwards and for ICU sedation harmonized throughout study protocol. 5. Composition of remimazolam formulation in each vial corrected. 6. Opioid use via TCI introduced. 7. Rules on effective birth control modified. 8. Qualification necessary for investigators re-defined. 9. Start of recording for PiCCO® and Narcotrend® harmonized throughout study protocol. 10. Description of how to measure blood pressure and heart rate clarified. 11. Sequence of events during Recovery Phase clarified for Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) for patients on ICU. 12. List of study procedures during Follow-up Phase corrected and clarified. 13. Rules on reporting and follow-up of AEs corrected and clarified. 14. Description of pharmacokinetic sampling corrected. 15. Collection of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification system (ASA classification) added. 16. Time period for patient enrollment and number of sites and countries updated. 17. List of abbreviations, definitions of terms, and protocol tables 3, 4, 5, and 6 adapted and harmonized with protocol text. 18. Protocol Appendix 11 (ASA classification) added.

    Interruptions (globally)

    Were there any global interruptions to the trial? No

    Limitations and caveats

    Limitations of the trial such as small numbers of subjects analysed or technical problems leading to unreliable data.
    This trial faced recruitment challenges due to its complex design. Despite intensive efforts to enhance recruitment, the trial was difficult to implement. PAION discontinued the trial to avoid a long and expensive study with the existing design.
    For support, Contact us.
    The status and protocol content of GB trials is no longer updated since 1 January 2021. For the UK, as of 31 January 2021, EU Law applies only to the territory of Northern Ireland (NI) to the extent foreseen in the Protocol on Ireland/NI. Legal notice
    As of 31 January 2023, all EU/EEA initial clinical trial applications must be submitted through CTIS . Updated EudraCT trials information and information on PIP/Art 46 trials conducted exclusively in third countries continues to be submitted through EudraCT and published on this website.

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