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    Clinical Trial Results:
    Regional citrate versus systemic heparin anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury (RICH-Trial).

    Summary
    EudraCT number
    2014-004854-33
    Trial protocol
    DE  
    Global end of trial date
    03 Jan 2020

    Results information
    Results version number
    v1(current)
    This version publication date
    08 Jan 2021
    First version publication date
    08 Jan 2021
    Other versions

    Trial information

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    Trial identification
    Sponsor protocol code
    03-AnIt-14/UKM14_0066
    Additional study identifiers
    ISRCTN number
    -
    US NCT number
    NCT02669589
    WHO universal trial number (UTN)
    -
    Sponsors
    Sponsor organisation name
    University Hospital Muenster
    Sponsor organisation address
    Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D5, Münster, Germany, 48149
    Public contact
    Dept. of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Muenster, +49 02518347255, rich@anit.uni-muenster.de
    Scientific contact
    Dept. of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Muenster, +49 02518347255, rich@anit.uni-muenster.de
    Paediatric regulatory details
    Is trial part of an agreed paediatric investigation plan (PIP)
    No
    Does article 45 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Does article 46 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Results analysis stage
    Analysis stage
    Final
    Date of interim/final analysis
    10 Sep 2020
    Is this the analysis of the primary completion data?
    No
    Global end of trial reached?
    Yes
    Global end of trial date
    03 Jan 2020
    Was the trial ended prematurely?
    No
    General information about the trial
    Main objective of the trial
    Effect of regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) for CRRT in critically ill patients on filter life span and all cause 90-day mortality compared to systemic heparin anticoagulation for CRRT
    Protection of trial subjects
    All patients will receive standard intensive care therapy. As no pharmacological therapy for AKI exists, the management of AKI remains primarily supportive, with renal replacement therapy serving as a cornerstone of therapy in patients with severe kidney injury. None of the patients in both groups (‘early’ and ‘late’ group) will be exposed to additional risks. Participation in this study will be voluntary. Written informed consent will be obtained from patients. This study will be performed in accordance with the revision of the Declaration ofHelsinki (2008). Study protocol, patient information and informed consent have been submitted to the ethics committees of the University of Münster for appraisal. Once the protocol is approved, the documents will be submitted to the ethics committees of all participating centers for appraisal. The study will be directly started in these centers, in which the local ethics committee has approved the study. The principal investigator will inform the ethics committee about any changes in the study protocol. The treating investigator will inform the patient about the nature of the trial, its aims, expected advantages as well as possible risks. Each patient must consent in writing to participate in the study. The patient must be given enough time andopportunity to decide on participation and to clarify any questions before the beginning of documentation of the study.
    Background therapy
    The patient’s primary physicians will determine the remainder of patient management consistent with established best practices with the management of critically ill patients.
    Evidence for comparator
    Multiple pharmacologic interventions have shown promise in animal models of AKI, however no agents have been demonstrated to be efficacious in clinical practice. As a result, the management of AKI remains primarily supportive, with CRRT serving as the cornerstone of therapy in critically ill patients with severe AKI. To investigate the best anticoagulant for CRRT, we will randomly assign patients with CRRTdependent AKI to receive either regional citrate or systemic heparin anticoagulation. A placebo group of patients treated with continuous CRRT without any anticoagulation is ethically not acceptable.
    Actual start date of recruitment
    04 Jan 2016
    Long term follow-up planned
    Yes
    Long term follow-up rationale
    Scientific research
    Long term follow-up duration
    1 Years
    Independent data monitoring committee (IDMC) involvement?
    Yes
    Population of trial subjects
    Number of subjects enrolled per country
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Germany: 596
    Worldwide total number of subjects
    596
    EEA total number of subjects
    596
    Number of subjects enrolled per age group
    In utero
    0
    Preterm newborn - gestational age < 37 wk
    0
    Newborns (0-27 days)
    0
    Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    0
    Children (2-11 years)
    0
    Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0
    Adults (18-64 years)
    217
    From 65 to 84 years
    360
    85 years and over
    19

    Subject disposition

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    Recruitment
    Recruitment details
    Patients were recruited from March 2016 (First Patient In) until January 2019 and followed up until January 2020 (Last Patient Out)

    Pre-assignment
    Screening details
    A total of 5069 patients were screened for inclusion, of whom 638 patients were enrolled and randomized. 42 patients had to be excluded from the analysis due to incomplete consent process according to the European regulations. 596 patients were included in the primary analysis.

    Period 1
    Period 1 title
    Overall trial (overall period)
    Is this the baseline period?
    Yes
    Allocation method
    Randomised - controlled
    Blinding used
    Single blind
    Roles blinded
    Subject

    Arms
    Are arms mutually exclusive
    Yes

    Arm title
    Regional citrate anticoagulation
    Arm description
    Anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy via regional citrate
    Arm type
    Experimental

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Regional anticoagulation with citrate
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Anticoagulant and preservative solution for blood
    Routes of administration
    Extracorporeal use
    Dosage and administration details
    Individual doses according to published protocols (target aPPT: 45-60s)

    Arm title
    Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Arm description
    Continuous renal replacement therapy with systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Arm type
    Active comparator

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Heparin
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Anticoagulant and preservative solution for blood
    Routes of administration
    Intravenous use
    Dosage and administration details
    Dose of anticoagulation: individual doses according to published protocols (target aPPT: 45-60s)

    Number of subjects in period 1
    Regional citrate anticoagulation Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Started
    300
    296
    Completed
    300
    296

    Baseline characteristics

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    Baseline characteristics reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Regional citrate anticoagulation
    Reporting group description
    Anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy via regional citrate

    Reporting group title
    Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Reporting group description
    Continuous renal replacement therapy with systemic heparin anticoagulation

    Reporting group values
    Regional citrate anticoagulation Systemic heparin anticoagulation Total
    Number of subjects
    300 296 596
    Age categorical
    Units: Subjects
        In utero
    0
        Preterm newborn infants (gestational age < 37 wks)
    0
        Newborns (0-27 days)
    0
        Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    0
        Children (2-11 years)
    0
        Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0
        Adults (18-64 years)
    0
        From 65-84 years
    0
        85 years and over
    0
    Age continuous
    Units: years
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    67.5 ( 12.3 ) 67.6 ( 12.5 ) -
    Gender categorical
    Units: Subjects
        Female
    94 89 183
        Male
    206 207 413

    End points

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    End points reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Regional citrate anticoagulation
    Reporting group description
    Anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy via regional citrate

    Reporting group title
    Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Reporting group description
    Continuous renal replacement therapy with systemic heparin anticoagulation

    Primary: Filter life span

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    End point title
    Filter life span
    End point description
    End point type
    Primary
    End point timeframe
    During continuous renal replacement therapy up to 1 year
    End point values
    Regional citrate anticoagulation Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Number of subjects analysed
    293
    290
    Units: hours
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    46.5 (18.8 to 70.3)
    26.0 (12.0 to 50.6)
    Statistical analysis title
    Primary efficacy analysis (filter life span)
    Comparison groups
    Regional citrate anticoagulation v Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    583
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    < 0.0001
    Method
    Mixed models analysis
    Parameter type
    Median difference (final values)
    Point estimate
    11.23
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    8.16
         upper limit
    14.31

    Primary: Overall survival

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    End point title
    Overall survival
    End point description
    End point type
    Primary
    End point timeframe
    up to 90 days
    End point values
    Regional citrate anticoagulation Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Number of subjects analysed
    300
    296
    Units: days
        median (confidence interval 95%)
    78.4 (48.0 to 999)
    55.0 (28.0 to 999)
    Statistical analysis title
    Primary analysis (overall survival)
    Comparison groups
    Regional citrate anticoagulation v Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    596
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.0538
    Method
    Regression, Cox
    Parameter type
    Cox proportional hazard
    Point estimate
    0.792
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.626
         upper limit
    1.004

    Secondary: ICU length of stay

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    End point title
    ICU length of stay
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    up to 1 year
    End point values
    Regional citrate anticoagulation Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Number of subjects analysed
    300
    296
    Units: days
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    16.0 (8.0 to 29.0)
    13.5 (7.0 to 25.0)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Hospital length of stay

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    End point title
    Hospital length of stay
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    during primary hospital stay
    End point values
    Regional citrate anticoagulation Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Number of subjects analysed
    300
    296
    Units: days
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    27.0 (13.0 to 51.0)
    27.0 (14.0 to 49.5)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Duration of renal replacement therapy

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    End point title
    Duration of renal replacement therapy
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    during primary continuous renal replacement therapy
    End point values
    Regional citrate anticoagulation Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Number of subjects analysed
    294
    292
    Units: days
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    9.6 (3.9 to 57.0)
    8.4 (3.6 to 45.0)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Bleeding complication

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    End point title
    Bleeding complication
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    during ICU stay
    End point values
    Regional citrate anticoagulation Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Number of subjects analysed
    300
    296
    Units: Number of patients
    15
    49
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Transfusion requirement

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    End point title
    Transfusion requirement
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    during primary continuous renal replacement therapy
    End point values
    Regional citrate anticoagulation Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Number of subjects analysed
    293
    290
    Units: Number of patients
    197
    184
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Rate of Infection

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    End point title
    Rate of Infection
    End point description
    The rate of infection during ICU stay is defined as new infection in patients with pre-existing infection but with another pathogen than baseline or without baseline infection at baseline after initiation of renal replacement therapy up to the end of ICU stay or day 28 (whatever occurred first).
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    during primary ICU stay
    End point values
    Regional citrate anticoagulation Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Number of subjects analysed
    300
    296
    Units: Number of patients
    204
    164
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: MAKE 28

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    End point title
    MAKE 28
    End point description
    Major adverse kidney event (MAKE) will be defined as the composite of death, use of renal replacement therapy and missing renal recovery
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    from randomization up to day 28
    End point values
    Regional citrate anticoagulation Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Number of subjects analysed
    207
    203
    Units: Number of patients with MAKE
    182
    187
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: MAKE on day 60

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    End point title
    MAKE on day 60
    End point description
    Major adverse kidney event (MAKE) will be defined as the composite of death, use of renal replacement therapy and missing renal recovery
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    from randomization up to day 60
    End point values
    Regional citrate anticoagulation Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Number of subjects analysed
    197
    205
    Units: number of patients with MAKE
    175
    178
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: MAKE on day 90

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    End point title
    MAKE on day 90
    End point description
    Major adverse kidney event (MAKE) will be defined as the composite of death, use of renal replacement therapy and missing renal recovery
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    from randomization up to day 90
    End point values
    Regional citrate anticoagulation Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Number of subjects analysed
    246
    258
    Units: Patients with MAKE
    186
    181
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: MAKE after 1 year

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    End point title
    MAKE after 1 year
    End point description
    Major adverse kidney event (MAKE) will be defined as the composite of death, use of renal replacement therapy and missing renal recovery
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    from Randomization up to 1 year
    End point values
    Regional citrate anticoagulation Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Number of subjects analysed
    228
    223
    Units: Patients with MAKE
    196
    189
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Recovery of renal function day 28

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    End point title
    Recovery of renal function day 28
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    28 days after randomization
    End point values
    Regional citrate anticoagulation Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Number of subjects analysed
    93
    76
    Units: Number of patients with renal recovery
    20
    13
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Renal recovery on day 60

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    End point title
    Renal recovery on day 60
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    60 days after randomisation
    End point values
    Regional citrate anticoagulation Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Number of subjects analysed
    62
    58
    Units: Number of patients with renal ercovery
    22
    25
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Renal Recovery on day 90

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    End point title
    Renal Recovery on day 90
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    90days after randomization
    End point values
    Regional citrate anticoagulation Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Number of subjects analysed
    96
    102
    Units: No of patients with renal recovery
    55
    73
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Renal recovery after 1 year

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    End point title
    Renal recovery after 1 year
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    1 year after randomization
    End point values
    Regional citrate anticoagulation Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Number of subjects analysed
    46
    46
    Units: No of patients with renal recovery
    25
    32
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Requirement of renal replacement therapy on day 28

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    End point title
    Requirement of renal replacement therapy on day 28
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    28 days after randomization
    End point values
    Regional citrate anticoagulation Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Number of subjects analysed
    176
    160
    Units: No of patients with RRT
    60
    50
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Requirement of renal replacement therapy on day 60

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    End point title
    Requirement of renal replacement therapy on day 60
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    60 days after randomisation
    End point values
    Regional citrate anticoagulation Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Number of subjects analysed
    154
    140
    Units: No of patients with RRT
    33
    28
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Requirement of renal replacement therapy on day 90

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    End point title
    Requirement of renal replacement therapy on day 90
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    90 days after randomisation
    End point values
    Regional citrate anticoagulation Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Number of subjects analysed
    138
    131
    Units: No of patients with RRT
    22
    18
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Requirement of renal replacement therapy after 1 year

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    End point title
    Requirement of renal replacement therapy after 1 year
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    1 year after randomisation
    End point values
    Regional citrate anticoagulation Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Number of subjects analysed
    87
    88
    Units: No of patients with RRT
    8
    7
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: SOFA-Score at baseline

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    End point title
    SOFA-Score at baseline
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    at baseline
    End point values
    Regional citrate anticoagulation Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Number of subjects analysed
    282
    270
    Units: points
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    11.0 (10.0 to 13.0)
    11.0 (10.0 to 14.0)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: SOFA score at day 14

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    End point title
    SOFA score at day 14
    End point description
    SOFA scores was documented during the primary ICU stay.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    14 days after randomisation
    End point values
    Regional citrate anticoagulation Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Number of subjects analysed
    95
    88
    Units: points
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    10.0 (7.0 to 12.0)
    11.0 (8.0 to 13.5)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: SOFA score at day 21

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    End point title
    SOFA score at day 21
    End point description
    SOFA scores was documented during the primary ICU stay.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    21 days after randomisation
    End point values
    Regional citrate anticoagulation Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Number of subjects analysed
    66
    50
    Units: points
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    9.0 (7.0 to 13.0)
    11.0 (7.0 to 12.0)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: SOFA score at day 28

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    End point title
    SOFA score at day 28
    End point description
    SOFA scores was documented during the primary ICU stay.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    28 days after randomization
    End point values
    Regional citrate anticoagulation Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Number of subjects analysed
    42
    33
    Units: points
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    8.0 (7.0 to 12.0)
    8.0 (5.0 to 12.0)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: 28-day all cause mortality

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    End point title
    28-day all cause mortality
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    from randomisation up to day 28
    End point values
    Regional citrate anticoagulation Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Number of subjects analysed
    300
    296
    Units: No of patients alive at d28
    178
    162
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: 60-day all cause mortality

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    End point title
    60-day all cause mortality
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    60 day after randomisation
    End point values
    Regional citrate anticoagulation Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Number of subjects analysed
    300
    296
    Units: No of patients alive at day 60
    155
    142
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: 1 year all cause mortality

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    End point title
    1 year all cause mortality
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    1 year after randomisation
    End point values
    Regional citrate anticoagulation Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Number of subjects analysed
    300
    296
    Units: No of patients alive 1 year after rando
    88
    89
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Adverse events

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    Adverse events information
    Timeframe for reporting adverse events
    AEs including SAEs will be recorded from the time the first dose of heparin or citrate is administered (day 1). Documentation on the AE form will be required up to discharge of the ICU.
    Adverse event reporting additional description
    AKI is frequently caused by severe sepsis/septic shock, extended surgical procedures or traumatic events. Death and other AKI or Sepsis-related events was documented as clinical results. These were only be documented as AE if a reasonable causal relationship to the IP was suspected or they were unexpected in the context of the underlying disease.
    Assessment type
    Systematic
    Dictionary used for adverse event reporting
    Dictionary name
    MedDRA
    Dictionary version
    21.1
    Reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Regional citrate anticoagulation
    Reporting group description
    300 patientes were randomized to receive anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy with regional citrate. 6 patients do not receive primary continuous renal replacement therapy. 61 were randomized to receive anticoagulation with heparine, but later they also received regional citrate anticoagulation. Adverse events were analysed for all patients who receive regional citrate anticoagulation.

    Reporting group title
    Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Reporting group description
    Adverse events were analysed for all patients who receive systemic anticoagulation. 296 patientes were randomized to receive anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy with systemic heparin. 4 patients do not receive primary continuous renal replacement therapy. 41 were randomized to receive anticoagulation with citrate, but later they also received systemic heparin anticoagulation.

    Serious adverse events
    Regional citrate anticoagulation Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Total subjects affected by serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    57 / 355 (16.06%)
    61 / 333 (18.32%)
         number of deaths (all causes)
    212
    204
         number of deaths resulting from adverse events
    17
    20
    Vascular disorders
    Arterial haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Circulatory collapse
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Haemodynamic instability
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 355 (0.85%)
    6 / 333 (1.80%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    3 / 3
    6 / 6
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hypotension
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Peripheral ischaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Shock haemorrhagic
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Surgical and medical procedures
    Endotracheal intubation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Resuscitation
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 355 (0.85%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 3
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    General disorders and administration site conditions
    Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 355 (0.85%)
    3 / 333 (0.90%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 3
    1 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 3
    1 / 3
    Necrosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    Acute respiratory distress syndrome
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Aspiration
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 355 (0.56%)
    3 / 333 (0.90%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
    Bronchial haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    2 / 333 (0.60%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    1 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Epistaxis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Haemothorax
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hypoxia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pneumothorax
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pulmonary embolism
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Respiratory disorder
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
    Respiratory failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    3 / 333 (0.90%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
    Thoracic haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Investigations
    Platelet count decreased
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Injury, poisoning and procedural complications
    Citrate toxicity
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 355 (0.56%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    2 / 2
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
    Endotracheal intubation complication
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cardiac disorders
    Arrythmia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Atrial fibrillation
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 355 (0.56%)
    3 / 333 (0.90%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Atrioventricular block complete
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Bradycardia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    2 / 333 (0.60%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cardiac arrest
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    4 / 333 (1.20%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    1 / 4
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    1 / 1
    Cardiac failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Cardiac tamponade
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    2 / 333 (0.60%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    2 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cardiogenic shock
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    2 / 333 (0.60%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 2
    Myocardial infarction
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Pericardial effusion
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pericardial haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 355 (0.56%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 2
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pulseless electrical activity
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 355 (0.56%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 3
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Right ventricular failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Ventricular fibrillation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Ventricular tachycardia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Nervous system disorders
    Brain injury
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cerebral haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Cerebral infarction
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 355 (0.85%)
    2 / 333 (0.60%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 3
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
    Haemorrhage intracranial
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Paraplegia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Seizure
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Subarachnoid haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Blood and lymphatic system disorders
    Blood loss anaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Haemorrhagic diathesis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Heparine induced thrombocytopenia
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 355 (0.56%)
    2 / 333 (0.60%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    2 / 2
    2 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Colitis ischaemic
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Gastric perforation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Gastrointestinal haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    5 / 355 (1.41%)
    5 / 333 (1.50%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 5
    1 / 5
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Gastrointestinal necrosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Haematemesis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
    Intestinal ischaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 355 (0.56%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 2
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
    Intra-abdominal haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 355 (0.56%)
    2 / 333 (0.60%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 2
    1 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Large intestine perforation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Lower gastrointestinal haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 3
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Small intestinal perforation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hepatobiliary disorders
    Acute hepatic failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    4 / 355 (1.13%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 4
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 4
    0 / 1
    Acute on chronic liver failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Hepatic failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    3 / 333 (0.90%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 2
    Renal and urinary disorders
    Acute kidney injury
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
    Muscle necrosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Infections and infestations
    Pneumonia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pneumonia legionella
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Septic shock
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 355 (0.56%)
    3 / 333 (0.90%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Metabolism and nutrition disorders
    Hyperkalaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    2 / 333 (0.60%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Lactic acidosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    2 / 333 (0.60%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    2 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    1 / 1
    Frequency threshold for reporting non-serious adverse events: 0%
    Non-serious adverse events
    Regional citrate anticoagulation Systemic heparin anticoagulation
    Total subjects affected by non serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    97 / 355 (27.32%)
    85 / 333 (25.53%)
    Vascular disorders
    Arterial haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    2 / 333 (0.60%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    2
    Deep vein thrombosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    2 / 333 (0.60%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    2
    Extremity necrosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Haematoma
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    3 / 333 (0.90%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    3
    Haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    8 / 355 (2.25%)
    11 / 333 (3.30%)
         occurrences all number
    9
    12
    Hypertensive crisis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Hypoperfusion
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    2 / 333 (0.60%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    2
    Hypotension
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 355 (0.56%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    0
    Jugular vein thrombosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Peripheral ischaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Shock haemorrhagic
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Thrombosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 355 (0.56%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    1
    Venous thrombosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Surgical and medical procedures
    Arterial aneurysm repair
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Colectomy
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    General disorders and administration site conditions
    Catheter site haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 355 (0.85%)
    2 / 333 (0.60%)
         occurrences all number
    4
    3
    Chest pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Hypothermia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Perforation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Puncture site haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 355 (0.56%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Vessel puncture site haematoma
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Reproductive system and breast disorders
    Vaginal haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    Aspiration
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Epistaxis
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 355 (0.56%)
    2 / 333 (0.60%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    2
    Haemothorax
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 355 (0.85%)
    2 / 333 (0.60%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    2
    Hypercapnia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Hypoxia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Pharyngeal haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Pleural effusion
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 355 (0.85%)
    2 / 333 (0.60%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    2
    Pneumothorax
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    3 / 333 (0.90%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    3
    Pulmonary haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 355 (0.56%)
    3 / 333 (0.90%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    4
    Pulmonary oedema
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    respiratory failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 355 (0.85%)
    4 / 333 (1.20%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    4
    Tachypnoea
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Psychiatric disorders
    Delirium
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 355 (0.85%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    1
    Hallucination
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Restlessness
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Investigations
    acid balance abnormal
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Blood bicarbonate increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Blood calcium decreased
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Blood sodium increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Haemoglobin decreased
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    2 / 333 (0.60%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    3
    Lipase increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Platelet count decreased
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 355 (0.56%)
    3 / 333 (0.90%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    3
    Transaminases increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Injury, poisoning and procedural complications
    Abdominal wound dehiscence
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Citrate toxicity
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Post procedural haematoma
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Post procedural haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 355 (0.85%)
    3 / 333 (0.90%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    3
    Procedural haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Tracheal haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Wound haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Cardiac disorders
    Atrial fibrillation
         subjects affected / exposed
    4 / 355 (1.13%)
    3 / 333 (0.90%)
         occurrences all number
    4
    3
    Bradycardia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Cardiac failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Cardiomyopathy
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Extrasystoles
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Tachyarrhythmia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Tachycardia
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 355 (0.56%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Nervous system disorders
    Brain oedema
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Cerebral infarction
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Cerebrovascular accident
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    2
    Epilepsy
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 355 (0.56%)
    2 / 333 (0.60%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    2
    Headache
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Hemianopia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Myoclonus
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Partial seizures
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Seizure
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    2 / 333 (0.60%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    2
    Status epilepticus
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Blood and lymphatic system disorders
    Anaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    8 / 355 (2.25%)
    3 / 333 (0.90%)
         occurrences all number
    8
    3
    Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
         subjects affected / exposed
    22 / 355 (6.20%)
    18 / 333 (5.41%)
         occurrences all number
    22
    18
    Iron deficiency anaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Leukopenia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Pancytopenia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Splenic infarction
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Thrombocytopenia
         subjects affected / exposed
    23 / 355 (6.48%)
    20 / 333 (6.01%)
         occurrences all number
    24
    21
    Application site haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Eye disorders
    Eye haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    0
    Mydriasis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Optic disc haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Pupillary deformity
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Pupils unequal
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 355 (0.56%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    1
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Anal ulcer haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Ascites
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Constipation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Duodenal ulcer haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Dysphagia
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 355 (0.56%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Faeces pale
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Gastrointestinal haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    4 / 355 (1.13%)
    4 / 333 (1.20%)
         occurrences all number
    4
    4
    Haematochezia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    3 / 333 (0.90%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    3
    Intestinal haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Intestinal ischaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Intra-abdominal haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    2
    Large intestinal ulcer haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Large intestine perforation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Lower gastrointestinal haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 355 (0.56%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    1
    Megacolon
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Mouth haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Rectal haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 355 (0.56%)
    2 / 333 (0.60%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    3
    Small intestinal perforation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 355 (0.56%)
    2 / 333 (0.60%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    2
    Hepatobiliary disorders
    Hepatic failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    2 / 333 (0.60%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    2
    Hepatitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Jaundice
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Portal vein thrombosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
    Blister
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Decubitus ulcer
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Dermatitis allergic
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Erythema
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Hidradenitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Lividity
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 355 (0.56%)
    2 / 333 (0.60%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    3
    Rash
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    2 / 333 (0.60%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    2
    Renal and urinary disorders
    Haematuria
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 355 (0.56%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    1
    Endocrine disorders
    Goitre
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Hypothyroidism
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 355 (0.85%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    0
    Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
    Bursitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Compartment syndrome
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Musculoskeletal pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Pain in extremity
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    2 / 333 (0.60%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    2
    Rhabdomyolysis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Infections and infestations
    Bacteraemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    2 / 333 (0.60%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    2
    Candida infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Cellulitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Device related infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Genital candidiasis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Herpes zoster
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Pneumonia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Pneumonia viral
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Postoperative wound infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Sepsis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Tracheobronchitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 355 (0.00%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    2
    Metabolism and nutrition disorders
    Acidosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Alkalosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 355 (0.56%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    1
    Electrolyte imbalance
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 355 (0.56%)
    2 / 333 (0.60%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    2
    Hypercalcaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Hyperkalaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    2 / 333 (0.60%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    2
    Hypernatraemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    5 / 355 (1.41%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    5
    0
    Hypoalbuminaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Hypocalcaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 355 (0.56%)
    2 / 333 (0.60%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    2
    Hypoglycaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Hyponatraemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    1 / 333 (0.30%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Hypophosphataemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 355 (0.56%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Hypovolaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    0
    Lactic acidosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Metabolic acidosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Metabolic alkalosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    5 / 355 (1.41%)
    2 / 333 (0.60%)
         occurrences all number
    5
    2
    Metabolic disorder
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 355 (0.28%)
    0 / 333 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0

    More information

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    Substantial protocol amendments (globally)

    Were there any global substantial amendments to the protocol? Yes
    Date
    Amendment
    16 Jun 2017
    Inclusion and exclusion criteria have been amended. - patients with previous renal replacement therapy due to acude kidney injury in the last 90 days were also allowed - patients with pre-existing kidney disease not requiring RRT with GFR < 30mL/min were also allowed In addition, the definition of Sepsis and septic shock followed the new guidelines. In 2016, the Surviving Sepsis Campaign introduced the new Sepsis3 guidelines. According to this new definition, the inclusion criteria regarding sepsis was amended.

    Interruptions (globally)

    Were there any global interruptions to the trial? No

    Limitations and caveats

    Limitations of the trial such as small numbers of subjects analysed or technical problems leading to unreliable data.
    None reported
    For support, Contact us.
    The status and protocol content of GB trials is no longer updated since 1 January 2021. For the UK, as of 31 January 2021, EU Law applies only to the territory of Northern Ireland (NI) to the extent foreseen in the Protocol on Ireland/NI. Legal notice
    As of 31 January 2023, all EU/EEA initial clinical trial applications must be submitted through CTIS . Updated EudraCT trials information and information on PIP/Art 46 trials conducted exclusively in third countries continues to be submitted through EudraCT and published on this website.

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