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    Clinical Trial Results:
    A randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled trial of a two-week course of dexamethasone for adult patients with a symptomatic chronic subdural hematoma (Dex-CSDH trial)

    Summary
    EudraCT number
    2014-004948-35
    Trial protocol
    GB  
    Global end of trial date
    29 Aug 2019

    Results information
    Results version number
    v1(current)
    This version publication date
    02 Apr 2021
    First version publication date
    02 Apr 2021
    Other versions
    Summary report(s)
    Dex-CSDH Protocol v3 dated 27Apr17
    NEJM published paper
    NEJM published paper appendix

    Trial information

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    Trial identification
    Sponsor protocol code
    Dex-CSDH
    Additional study identifiers
    ISRCTN number
    ISRCTN80782810
    US NCT number
    -
    WHO universal trial number (UTN)
    -
    Sponsors
    Sponsor organisation name
    Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
    Sponsor organisation address
    Box 401, Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit Level 6, Coton House, Cambridge, United Kingdom, CB20QQ
    Public contact
    Carrie Bayliss, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, +44 (0)1223348158, cctu@addenbrookes.nhs.uk
    Scientific contact
    Carrie Bayliss, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, +44 (0)1223 348158, cctu@addenbrookes.nhs.uk
    Sponsor organisation name
    University of Cambridge
    Sponsor organisation address
    Box 277, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom, CB2 0QQ
    Public contact
    Steven Kelleher, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Cambridge, +44 (0)1223 217418, research@addenbrookes.nhs.uk
    Scientific contact
    Stephen Kelleher, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Cambridge, +44 (0)1223 217418, research@addenbrookes.nhs.uk
    Paediatric regulatory details
    Is trial part of an agreed paediatric investigation plan (PIP)
    No
    Does article 45 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Does article 46 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Results analysis stage
    Analysis stage
    Final
    Date of interim/final analysis
    27 Feb 2020
    Is this the analysis of the primary completion data?
    Yes
    Primary completion date
    29 Aug 2019
    Global end of trial reached?
    Yes
    Global end of trial date
    29 Aug 2019
    Was the trial ended prematurely?
    No
    General information about the trial
    Main objective of the trial
    To investigate whether a two-week course of dexamethasone can improve the 6 month functional outcome of patients with symptomatic chronic Subdural Haematoma (CSDH) by reducing the rate of surgical intervention and the recurrence rate.
    Protection of trial subjects
    The TSC (Trial Steering Committee) provided overall supervision with respect to the conduct of the study. Professor Tony Bell (St George’s, University of London) was the independent chairman. The ethical and safety aspects of the trial were overseen by an independent DMC which was chaired by Professor Martin Smith (The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London). DMC meetings were timed so that reports could be fed into the TSC meetings.
    Background therapy
    -
    Evidence for comparator
    -
    Actual start date of recruitment
    01 Mar 2015
    Long term follow-up planned
    Yes
    Long term follow-up rationale
    Scientific research
    Long term follow-up duration
    6 Months
    Independent data monitoring committee (IDMC) involvement?
    Yes
    Population of trial subjects
    Number of subjects enrolled per country
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    United Kingdom: 748
    Worldwide total number of subjects
    748
    EEA total number of subjects
    748
    Number of subjects enrolled per age group
    In utero
    0
    Preterm newborn - gestational age < 37 wk
    0
    Newborns (0-27 days)
    0
    Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    0
    Children (2-11 years)
    0
    Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0
    Adults (18-64 years)
    121
    From 65 to 84 years
    494
    85 years and over
    133

    Subject disposition

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    Recruitment
    Recruitment details
    All patients who had been admitted to the Neurosurgical Unit (NSU) of the participating sites with a confirmed CSDH could be screened for eligibility. A member of the clinical team assessed potential eligibility of these patients based on the protocol inclusion/exclusion criteria.

    Pre-assignment
    Screening details
    Where potential patients fulfilled the eligibility criteria, they were approached by a member of the research team who provided the patient with information about the study and offered the information sheet and clarified any information from the patient/relatives which may have precluded recruitment.

    Period 1
    Period 1 title
    Baseline
    Is this the baseline period?
    Yes
    Allocation method
    Randomised - controlled
    Blinding used
    Double blind
    Roles blinded
    Subject, Investigator, Monitor, Data analyst

    Arms
    Are arms mutually exclusive
    Yes

    Arm title
    Dexamethasone
    Arm description
    -
    Arm type
    Experimental

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Dexamethasone
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Capsule
    Routes of administration
    Oral use, Nasogastric use
    Dosage and administration details
    The IMP is a two-week tapering course of either dexamethasone or matched placebo capsules. Route of administration: Oral or via nasogastric tube (see protocol section 9.4). Day 1 = day of 1st dose - 4 capsules in the morning and 4 at lunchtime for days 1, 2, 3 - 3 capsules in the morning and 3 at lunchtime for days 4, 5, 6 - 2 capsules in the morning and 2 at lunchtime for days 7, 8, 9 - 1 capsules in the morning and 1 at lunchtime for days 10, 11, 12 - 1 capsule once daily for days 13, 14 - Stop Day 14 is the last day of treatment. In the event of missing a dose of medication, these can be taken when remembered, but only up to the time of the next planned dose on the same day. Dexamethasone IMP is supplied as over-encapsulated dexamethasone 2mg tablets. The capsules are size 00 gelatin capsules containing microcrystalline cellulose/magnesium stearate 1% as backfill; placebo capsules contain only microcrystalline cellulose/magnesium stearate 1%.

    Arm title
    Placebo
    Arm description
    Matched placebo capsules
    Arm type
    Placebo

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Placebo
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Capsule
    Routes of administration
    Oral use, Nasogastric use
    Dosage and administration details
    Trial medication administration schedule Day 1 = day of first dose Dexamethasone 2mg capsules or matched placebo capsules Route of administration: Oral or via nasogastric tube (see protocol section 9.4) - 4 capsules in the morning and 4 at lunchtime for days 1, 2, 3 - 3 capsules in the morning and 3 at lunchtime for days 4, 5, 6 - 2 capsules in the morning and 2 at lunchtime for days 7, 8, 9 - 1 capsules in the morning and 1 at lunchtime for days 10, 11, 12 - 1 capsule once daily for days 13, 14 - Stop Day 14 is the last day of treatment.

    Number of subjects in period 1
    Dexamethasone Placebo
    Started
    375
    373
    Completed
    375
    373
    Period 2
    Period 2 title
    6 months Follow-Up
    Is this the baseline period?
    No
    Allocation method
    Randomised - controlled
    Blinding used
    Double blind
    Roles blinded
    Investigator, Monitor, Subject, Data analyst

    Arms
    Are arms mutually exclusive
    Yes

    Arm title
    Dexamethasone
    Arm description
    -
    Arm type
    Experimental

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Dexamethasone
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Capsule
    Routes of administration
    Nasogastric use , Oral use
    Dosage and administration details
    Trial medication administration schedule Day 1 = day of first dose Dexamethasone 2mg capsules or matched placebo capsules Route of administration: Oral or via nasogastric tube (see protocol section 9.4) - 4 capsules in the morning and 4 at lunchtime for days 1, 2, 3 - 3 capsules in the morning and 3 at lunchtime for days 4, 5, 6 - 2 capsules in the morning and 2 at lunchtime for days 7, 8, 9 - 1 capsules in the morning and 1 at lunchtime for days 10, 11, 12 - 1 capsule once daily for days 13, 14 - Stop Day 14 is the last day of treatment.

    Arm title
    Placebo
    Arm description
    -
    Arm type
    Placebo

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Placebo
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Capsule
    Routes of administration
    Nasogastric use , Oral use
    Dosage and administration details
    Trial medication administration schedule Day 1 = day of first dose Dexamethasone 2mg capsules or matched placebo capsules Route of administration: Oral or via nasogastric tube (see protocol section 9.4) - 4 capsules in the morning and 4 at lunchtime for days 1, 2, 3 - 3 capsules in the morning and 3 at lunchtime for days 4, 5, 6 - 2 capsules in the morning and 2 at lunchtime for days 7, 8, 9 - 1 capsules in the morning and 1 at lunchtime for days 10, 11, 12 - 1 capsule once daily for days 13, 14 - Stop Day 14 is the last day of treatment.

    Number of subjects in period 2
    Dexamethasone Placebo
    Started
    375
    373
    Completed
    341
    339
    Not completed
    34
    34
         Consent withdrawn by subject
    20
    25
         Lost to follow-up
    14
    9

    Baseline characteristics

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    Baseline characteristics reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Dexamethasone
    Reporting group description
    -

    Reporting group title
    Placebo
    Reporting group description
    Matched placebo capsules

    Reporting group values
    Dexamethasone Placebo Total
    Number of subjects
    375 373 748
    Age categorical
    Units: Subjects
        In utero
    0
        Preterm newborn infants (gestational age < 37 wks)
    0
        Newborns (0-27 days)
    0
        Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    0
        Children (2-11 years)
    0
        Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0
        Adults (18-64 years)
    0
        From 65-84 years
    0
        85 years and over
    0
    Age continuous
    Units: years
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    74.5 ± 11.8 74.3 ± 11.0 -
    Gender categorical
    Units: Subjects
        Female
    107 87 194
        Male
    268 286 554

    End points

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    End points reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Dexamethasone
    Reporting group description
    -

    Reporting group title
    Placebo
    Reporting group description
    Matched placebo capsules
    Reporting group title
    Dexamethasone
    Reporting group description
    -

    Reporting group title
    Placebo
    Reporting group description
    -

    Primary: Dichotomised Modified Rankin Scale - Favourable outcome

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    End point title
    Dichotomised Modified Rankin Scale - Favourable outcome
    End point description
    modified Rankin Scale at 6-months which is dichotomised to favourable (0-3) vs unfavourable (4-6) . The counts and proportions will reflect patients achieving a favourable outcome
    End point type
    Primary
    End point timeframe
    6 Months Follow -up
    End point values
    Dexamethasone Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    341
    339
    Units: Patient
    286
    306
    Statistical analysis title
    Primary Analysis
    Statistical analysis description
    The primary efficacy endpoint is mRS at 6 months which is dichotomised to favourable (0-3) vs unfavourable (4-6) The primary analysis will estimate the absolute difference between the two treatment arms ( Dexamethasone - Placebo) in the proportions achieving a favourable outcome. A simple Normal approximation (ztest) will be used to produce a 95% confidence interval and two-sided P-value for the null hypothesis of zero difference
    Comparison groups
    Dexamethasone v Placebo
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    680
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.01
    Method
    z test
    Parameter type
    Risk difference (RD)
    Point estimate
    -0.064
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    -0.11
         upper limit
    -0.014
    Variability estimate
    Standard error of the mean
    Dispersion value
    0.026

    Adverse events

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    Adverse events information
    Timeframe for reporting adverse events
    Up to 6 months initially. The AE reporting period was later reduced to stop at Day 30 after starting study medication. All observed events are included below.
    Adverse event reporting additional description
    Non-reportable SAEs were: the initial index surgery, or those deemed due to complications of CSDH. When restricting the reporting period to day 30 the adverse events of special interest were 41/375 (10.9%) & 12/373 (3.2%), and for SAEs 60/375 (16.0%) & 24/373 (6.4%), for Dexamethasone and Placebo respectively.
    Assessment type
    Non-systematic
    Dictionary used for adverse event reporting
    Dictionary name
    MedDRA
    Dictionary version
    22.0
    Reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Dexamethasone
    Reporting group description
    -

    Reporting group title
    Placebo
    Reporting group description
    -

    Serious adverse events
    Dexamethasone Placebo
    Total subjects affected by serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    70 / 375 (18.67%)
    34 / 373 (9.12%)
         number of deaths (all causes)
    30
    17
         number of deaths resulting from adverse events
    15
    10
    Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps)
    Cholangiocarcinoma
    Additional description: Cholangiocarcinoma
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Vascular disorders
    Deep vein thrombosis
    Additional description: Deep vein thrombosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 375 (0.80%)
    1 / 373 (0.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 3
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Dizziness
    Additional description: Dizziness
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Gangrene
    Additional description: Gangrene
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 375 (0.00%)
    1 / 373 (0.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Intestinal infarction
    Additional description: Intestinal infarction
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Pulmonary embolism
    Additional description: Pulmonary embolism
         subjects affected / exposed
    5 / 375 (1.33%)
    1 / 373 (0.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 5
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Syncope
    Additional description: Syncope
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    1 / 373 (0.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    General disorders and administration site conditions
    Death
    Additional description: Death
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 375 (0.00%)
    3 / 373 (0.80%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 3
    General physical health deterioration
    Additional description: General physical health deterioration
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 375 (0.53%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Malaise
    Additional description: Malaise
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 375 (0.00%)
    1 / 373 (0.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Non-cardiac chest pain
    Additional description: Non-cardiac chest pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pyrexia
    Additional description: Pyrexia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 375 (0.00%)
    2 / 373 (0.54%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Immune system disorders
    Anaphylactic reaction
    Additional description: Anaphylactic reaction
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 375 (0.00%)
    1 / 373 (0.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    Pneumothorax spontaneous
    Additional description: Pneumothorax spontaneous
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Psychiatric disorders
    Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
    Additional description: Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Confusional state
    Additional description: Confusional state
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 375 (0.53%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Delirium
    Additional description: Delirium
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 375 (0.00%)
    1 / 373 (0.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Psychotic disorder
    Additional description: Psychotic disorder
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Senile dementia
    Additional description: Senile dementia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Injury, poisoning and procedural complications
    Fall
    Additional description: Fall
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 375 (0.80%)
    2 / 373 (0.54%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 3
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Femur fracture
    Additional description: Femur fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Head injury
    Additional description: Head injury
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Periorbital haematoma
    Additional description: Periorbital haematoma
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Skin laceration
    Additional description: Skin laceration
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    2 / 373 (0.54%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Subdural haematoma
    Additional description: Subdural haematoma
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Cardiac disorders
    Acute myocardial infarction
    Additional description: Acute myocardial infarction
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 375 (0.53%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cardiac disorder
    Additional description: Cardiac disorder
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 375 (0.00%)
    1 / 373 (0.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cardiac failure
    Additional description: Cardiac failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 375 (0.00%)
    4 / 373 (1.07%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 4
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Cardiac failure acute
    Additional description: Cardiac failure acute
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 375 (0.00%)
    1 / 373 (0.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Cardiac failure chronic
    Additional description: Cardiac failure chronic
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 375 (0.00%)
    1 / 373 (0.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Nervous system disorders
    Brain oedema
    Additional description: Brain oedema
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 375 (0.00%)
    1 / 373 (0.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cerebral haemorrhage
    Additional description: Cerebral haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 375 (0.00%)
    1 / 373 (0.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Cerebrovascular accident
    Additional description: Cerebrovascular accident
         subjects affected / exposed
    5 / 375 (1.33%)
    2 / 373 (0.54%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 5
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 1
    Cervical radiculopathy
    Additional description: Cervical radiculopathy
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 375 (0.00%)
    1 / 373 (0.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Headache
    Additional description: Headache
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 375 (0.53%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Speech disorder
    Additional description: Speech disorder
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Subdural haematoma
    Additional description: Subdural haematoma
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 375 (0.53%)
    1 / 373 (0.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Transient ischaemic attack
    Additional description: Transient ischaemic attack
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Blood and lymphatic system disorders
    Thrombocytopenia
    Additional description: Thrombocytopenia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 375 (0.00%)
    1 / 373 (0.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Dyspepsia
    Additional description: Dyspepsia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Dysphagia
    Additional description: Dysphagia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Femoral hernia incarcerated
    Additional description: Femoral hernia incarcerated
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Intestinal obstruction
    Additional description: Intestinal obstruction
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 375 (0.00%)
    1 / 373 (0.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Intestinal pseudo-obstruction
    Additional description: Intestinal pseudo-obstruction
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Large intestine perforation
    Additional description: Large intestine perforation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Vomiting
    Additional description: Vomiting
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
    Swelling face
    Additional description: Swelling face
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Renal and urinary disorders
    Acute kidney injury
    Additional description: Acute kidney injury
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 375 (0.53%)
    1 / 373 (0.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Endocrine disorders
    Adrenal insufficiency
    Additional description: Adrenal insufficiency
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hyperglycaemia
    Additional description: Hyperglycaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hyperparathyroidism
    Additional description: Hyperparathyroidism
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
    Back pain
    Additional description: Back pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Infections and infestations
    Clostridial sepsis
    Additional description: Clostridial sepsis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Clostridium difficile colitis
    Additional description: Clostridium difficile colitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 375 (0.53%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Endocarditis
    Additional description: Endocarditis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Herpes zoster
    Additional description: Herpes zoster
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Influenza
    Additional description: Influenza
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Meningitis
    Additional description: Meningitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pneumonia
    Additional description: Pneumonia
         subjects affected / exposed
    14 / 375 (3.73%)
    6 / 373 (1.61%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    4 / 14
    2 / 6
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 7
    0 / 2
    Sepsis
    Additional description: Sepsis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Subcutaneous abscess
    Additional description: Subcutaneous abscess
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Urinary tract infection
    Additional description: Urinary tract infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    4 / 375 (1.07%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 4
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Metabolism and nutrition disorders
    Electrolyte imbalance
    Additional description: Electrolyte imbalance
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 375 (0.00%)
    1 / 373 (0.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hyponatraemia
    Additional description: Hyponatraemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    1 / 373 (0.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hypophagia
    Additional description: Hypophagia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 375 (0.00%)
    1 / 373 (0.27%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Frequency threshold for reporting non-serious adverse events: 0%
    Non-serious adverse events
    Dexamethasone Placebo
    Total subjects affected by non serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    44 / 375 (11.73%)
    14 / 373 (3.75%)
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Abdominal pain
    Additional description: Abdominal pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Constipation
    Additional description: Constipation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Diarrhoea
    Additional description: Diarrhoea
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 375 (0.00%)
    1 / 373 (0.27%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Dyspepsia
    Additional description: Dyspepsia
         subjects affected / exposed
    6 / 375 (1.60%)
    2 / 373 (0.54%)
         occurrences all number
    6
    2
    Gastrointestinal tract irritation
    Additional description: Gastrointestinal tract irritation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Haematemesis
    Additional description: Haematemesis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 375 (0.00%)
    1 / 373 (0.27%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Melaena
    Additional description: Melaena
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Nausea
    Additional description: Nausea
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 375 (0.00%)
    2 / 373 (0.54%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    2
    Vomiting
    Additional description: Vomiting
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 375 (0.53%)
    5 / 373 (1.34%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    5
    Psychiatric disorders
    Acute psychosis
    Additional description: Acute psychosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    1 / 373 (0.27%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Agitation
    Additional description: Agitation
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 375 (0.53%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Delirium
    Additional description: Delirium
         subjects affected / exposed
    4 / 375 (1.07%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    4
    0
    Euphoric mood
    Additional description: Euphoric mood
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Hallucination
    Additional description: Hallucination
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 375 (0.80%)
    1 / 373 (0.27%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    1
    Psychotic disorder
    Additional description: Psychotic disorder
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Endocrine disorders
    Hyperglycaemia
    Additional description: Hyperglycaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    17 / 375 (4.53%)
    3 / 373 (0.80%)
         occurrences all number
    19
    3
    Type 2 diabetes mellitus
    Additional description: Type 2 diabetes mellitus
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Metabolism and nutrition disorders
    Increased appetite
    Additional description: Increased appetite
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Type 2 diabetes mellitus
    Additional description: Type 2 diabetes mellitus
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 375 (0.27%)
    0 / 373 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0

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    Substantial protocol amendments (globally)

    Were there any global substantial amendments to the protocol? Yes
    Date
    Amendment
    30 Sep 2015
    Amendment 2 (Substantial) was for the addition of new sites, and change of PI at 1 site. Approved 30Sep15 by ethics: N12 – Imperial, PI Mr Nandi N14 – James Cook, PI Prof Kane N34 – Sheffield, PI Mr Al-Tamimi N29 – Liverpool, PI Miss McMahon N48 – Leeds, PI Mr Timothy N08 – Brighton, PI Mr Critchley N46 – Stoke, PI Mr Tzerakis N18 – Aberdeen, PI Mr Bhatt N24 – Edinburgh, PI Mr Kandasamy N25 – Glasgow, PI Mr Suttner N30 – Salford, PI changed from Mr Holsgrove to Mr D’Urso
    17 Feb 2016
    Amendment 3 (Substantial) was for the addition of 5 new sites. Approved 17Feb16 by ethics: N36 – St George’s, PI Mr Papadopoulos N13 – Royal London, PI Mr Paraskevopoulos N03 – Cardiff, PI Mr Nannapaneni N23 –Dundee, PI Mr Hossain-Ibrahim N26 – Hull, PI Mr M Hussain
    09 May 2016
    Amendment 5 (Substantial) was for the change in PI at site N18 – Aberdeen, from Mr Bhatt to Mr Bodkin. Approved 09May16 by ethics.
    15 Jun 2016
    Amendment 4 (Substantial) was to update the protocol (to v2.0 dated 01Mar16). This was approved by ethics on 23Jun16, and the MHRA on 15Jun16. The study was also submitted for HRA approval (under the HRA “Lite” submission process for studies with pre-existing IRAS approval) and approval for the study was granted by the HRA on 21Oct16.
    08 Jul 2016
    Amendment 6 (Substantial) was for the change in PI at site N48 – Leeds, from Mr Timothy to Mr Thomson. Approved 08Jul16 by ethics.
    02 Dec 2016
    Amendment 9 (Substantial) to MHRA – Updated IMPD as 2nd manufacturing run was outsourced to Tio Pharma. Approved 02Dec16 by MHRA. This Amendment was also notified to the HRA and was categorised on 12Dec16.
    05 Dec 2016
    Amendment 8 (Substantial), was to add Queen’s Hospital, Romford as an additional participating site, and change the PI at the N13 Royal London Hospital from Mr Paraskevopoulos to Mr Ganesalingam Narenthiran. Approved 05Dec16 by ethics and the HRA confirmed on 09Jan17 that HRA assessment was not needed.
    12 Apr 2017
    Amendment 10 (Substantial), was to change the PI at the N13 Royal London Hospital from Mr Ganesalingam Narenthiran to Mr Dimitrios Paraskevopoulos. Approved and categorised on 12Apr17 by ethics and the REC confirmed on 12Apr17 that HRA assessment was not needed.
    21 Jun 2017
    Amendment 11 (Substantial) was to update the Protocol to v3.0 dated 27Apr17. Key protocol changes were as follows: 1. CHANGE TO ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA - only exclude patients on previous PO/IV GLUCOCORTICOID (other types of adrenocortcosteroids such as fludrocortisone are allowed). See list of steroids in protocol v3.0 page 23. 2. CHANGE TO CATAGORISATION OF AESI - now includes hyperglycaemia necessitating stopping of IMP (not necessarily requiring treatment). Please only report adverse events that fall specifically into one of these categories - see page 37 of protocol v3.0 3. CLARIFICATION ON REPORTING MEDICATION NON-COMPLIANCE - please report non-compliances for doses of medication that are given incorrectly or missed by ward staff or that you feel are clinically significant (if patient chooses not to take doses then this is not a non-compliance). This was submitted to ethics on 26May17 and classified as a Category A amendment, impacting all participating NHS organisations. The amendment was approved by ethics on 20Jun2017, and by the MHRA on 21Jun17. The study was also approved by the HRA on 27Jul17.
    03 Nov 2017
    Amendment 12 (Substantial), was to change the PI at the N03 Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, from Mr Stuart Smith to Mr Simon Howarth and to add the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, as an additional site (PI Mr Patel). This was a Category B amendment, and was approved on 03Nov17 by ethics and the HRA.
    19 Apr 2018
    Amendment 13 (Substantial) to MHRA - This was to register updated RSI (Reference Safety Information) from the SmPC for Aspen dexamethasone (Date of revision of text 23Jan18, Updated in Electronic Medicines Compendium 26Jan18) – Approved by MHRA on 19Apr18. This Amendment was also notified to the REC for information only and was categorised (Category C) on 03Apr18. No REC validation or HRA approval was required, as this was an MHRA only approval.
    23 Jul 2018
    Amendment 14 (Non-Substantial) to HRA only - This was to register an extension in recruitment period from 28Feb18 to 28Feb19, following approval by the funder to extend the funding and duration of recruitment. Submitted 19Jul18 and approved by HRA on 23Jul18. However, the initial approval notification was not received, so was re-sent on 23Aug18.
    15 Oct 2018
    **Amendment 15 – This application was voided, and was not applicable due to a change in circumstances. Please see details below** This Substantial amendment (to REC and MHRA) was initially planned and submitted to the REC and MHRA on 26Sep18, as a substantial amendment, to increase the number of participants to up to 1000 patients, in-case this was mandated by our interim analysis results. This would have updated the Protocol to v4.0 dated 17Sep18. REC approval was granted on 15Oct18, but there was a delay in receiving MHRA approval. When the MHRA approval was chased, it was found that the application was in-valid and would need to be resubmitted. Initially we were going to re-submit the Amendment 15 but in the meantime, our Interim Analysis result had since confirmed (on 12Oct18) that we did not need to recruit above 750 patients. As the MHRA submission had never been granted, we notified REC on 11Dec18 that we would not be proceeding with implementation of Amendment 15. Therefore, the Protocol in use remains unchanged as the Protocol v3.0 dated 27Apr17.
    29 Aug 2019
    Amendment 16 (Substantial) to ethics only – This amendment approved a thank you card for patients or their surviving next of kin, and a GP treatment unblinding notification letter, advising which treatment the patient received during the trial, which will also be enclosed for patients when the thank you cards are issued. A patient friendly summary of the trial results will also be included in the card pack when sent out. In this amendment, changes to the methods of dissemination of trial information were also made, and a patient permission letter to request specific permission from 4 patients to use their questionnaire data were approved also. (In this submission, ethics were also notified for information only, of the GDPR letter that had been sent to ongoing patients in the trial, which was deemed a non-notifiable document). Approved by HRA 02Jan20. (Approval date listed as EOT date above as true date not accepted)

    Interruptions (globally)

    Were there any global interruptions to the trial? No

    Limitations and caveats

    Limitations of the trial such as small numbers of subjects analysed or technical problems leading to unreliable data.
    None reported

    Online references

    http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33326713
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