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    Clinical Trial Results:
    A Randomised Controlled Trial of Early Targeted Patent Ductus Arteriosus Treatment Using a Risk Based Severity Score

    Summary
    EudraCT number
    2015-004526-33
    Trial protocol
    IE  
    Global end of trial date
    05 Aug 2020

    Results information
    Results version number
    v1(current)
    This version publication date
    25 Nov 2021
    First version publication date
    25 Nov 2021
    Other versions

    Trial information

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    Trial identification
    Sponsor protocol code
    PDARCT1
    Additional study identifiers
    ISRCTN number
    -
    US NCT number
    -
    WHO universal trial number (UTN)
    -
    Sponsors
    Sponsor organisation name
    Royal College of Surgeons Ireland
    Sponsor organisation address
    111 St Stephens Green, dublin, Ireland, Dublin 2
    Public contact
    Mandy Jackson, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, +353 18093863, sponsorship@rcsi.ie
    Scientific contact
    Afif-El-Khuffash, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, +353 18093863, sponsorship@rcsi.ie
    Paediatric regulatory details
    Is trial part of an agreed paediatric investigation plan (PIP)
    No
    Does article 45 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Does article 46 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Results analysis stage
    Analysis stage
    Final
    Date of interim/final analysis
    07 Sep 2020
    Is this the analysis of the primary completion data?
    Yes
    Primary completion date
    05 Aug 2020
    Global end of trial reached?
    Yes
    Global end of trial date
    05 Aug 2020
    Was the trial ended prematurely?
    No
    General information about the trial
    Main objective of the trial
    We aim to identify infants at high risk of developing CLD/Death by utilising the PDAsc, and randomise those infants to early treatment with Ibuprofen versus placebo. We hypothesise that: • in preterm infants less than 29 weeks gestation; • at high risk of developing CLD/Death (Primary outcome) based on a PDAsc ≥ 5.0; • obtained using echocardiography carried out between 36 and 48 hours of life; ,early treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (Ibuprofen) compared with placebo will result in a reduction of CLD/Death by 36 weeks post menstrual age (PMA). Infants with a PDAsc < 5 will not be enrolled in the study but will be followed up to discharge to confirm their low risk status.
    Protection of trial subjects
    The Patient Information leaflet clearly outlined that echocardiogram used in this study is routine practice at the hosptial site, and no unpleasant effects were expected. More than 1000 babies have been monitored with this tool over the past 5 years and it has not resulted in any additional discomfort or complications. The echocardiogram is well-tolerated by babies and is safe. If any baby participating in the trial did not bear the procedure for any reason, the investigator ceased testing immediately.
    Background therapy
    -
    Evidence for comparator
    -
    Actual start date of recruitment
    04 Jul 2016
    Long term follow-up planned
    No
    Independent data monitoring committee (IDMC) involvement?
    Yes
    Population of trial subjects
    Number of subjects enrolled per country
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Ireland: 60
    Worldwide total number of subjects
    60
    EEA total number of subjects
    60
    Number of subjects enrolled per age group
    In utero
    0
    Preterm newborn - gestational age < 37 wk
    60
    Newborns (0-27 days)
    0
    Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    0
    Children (2-11 years)
    0
    Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0
    Adults (18-64 years)
    0
    From 65 to 84 years
    0
    85 years and over
    0

    Subject disposition

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    Recruitment
    Recruitment details
    A sample of 30 infants per arm (a total of 60 infants) were recruited over the recruitment period. Recruitment started on 04-Jul-2016 and the last patient was recruited in January 2020.

    Pre-assignment
    Screening details
    Parents of eligible infants were approached over the first 36 hours of the newborns age to obtain written informed consent before carrying out the echocardiogram and assessing the inclusion/exclusion criteria. 145 subjects were assessed for eligibility and 85 were excluded based on not meeting the eligibility criteria.

    Period 1
    Period 1 title
    Overall Trial (overall period)
    Is this the baseline period?
    Yes
    Allocation method
    Randomised - controlled
    Blinding used
    Double blind
    Roles blinded
    Subject, Investigator, Monitor
    Blinding implementation details
    The unblinded trial pharmacist or delegate prepared the trial drug or placebo and issued the syringe for infusion to the blinded trial investigator team for administration. The Ibuprofen preparation is colourless and odorless and was indistinguishable from the saline preparation used for the placebo arm. The designated pharmacist or delegate was aware of the treatment allocation in order to facilitate correct assignment and drug/placebo preparation.

    Arms
    Are arms mutually exclusive
    Yes

    Arm title
    Ibuprofen Arm
    Arm description
    Infants in the intervention arm received intravenous Ibuprofen (Pedea 5mg/1ml) at a dose of 10mg/kg (2ml/kg), followed by 2 doses of 5mg/kg (1ml/kg) 24 hours apart administered as a short infusion over 15 minutes.
    Arm type
    Ibuprofen (Intervention) arm

    Investigational medicinal product name
    IBUPROFEN
    Investigational medicinal product code
    ATC code C01 EB16
    Other name
    Pedea 5 mg/ml solution for injection
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Solution for injection
    Routes of administration
    Injection
    Dosage and administration details
    Infants in the intervention arm received intravenous Ibuprofen (Pedea 5mg/1ml) at a dose of 10mg/kg (2ml/kg), followed by 2 doses of 5mg/kg (1ml/kg) 24 hours apart administered as a short infusion over 15 minutes.

    Arm title
    Placebo Arm
    Arm description
    Infants in the control group received an intravenous dose of placebo (normal saline) at a volume equivalent to that in the intervention group (2ml/kg 1st dose; 1ml/kg 2nd & 3rd doses) administered as a short infusion over 15 minutes.
    Arm type
    Placebo

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Sodium Chloride (NaCL) 0.9%W/V
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Pharmacotherapeutic group:B05BB01
    Other name
    NaCL
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Solution for injection
    Routes of administration
    Injection
    Dosage and administration details
    Sodium chloride was delivered intravenously

    Number of subjects in period 1
    Ibuprofen Arm Placebo Arm
    Started
    30
    30
    Completed
    30
    30

    Baseline characteristics

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    Baseline characteristics reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Overall Trial
    Reporting group description
    -

    Reporting group values
    Overall Trial Total
    Number of subjects
    60 60
    Age categorical
    Age data was also captured as mean+/- standard deviation per treatment arm
    Units: Subjects
        In utero
    0 0
        Preterm newborn infants (gestational age < 37 wks)
    60 60
        Newborns (0-27 days)
    0 0
        Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    0 0
        Children (2-11 years)
    0 0
        Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0 0
        Adults (18-64 years)
    0 0
        From 65-84 years
    0 0
        85 years and over
    0 0
        Mean Age
    0 0
    Age continuous
    Gestational age was captured in (weeks) for all subjects at the baseline visit. The overall median gestational age was captured.
    Units: weeks
        median (full range (min-max))
    26.3 (25.3 to 27.4) -
    Gender categorical
    Units: Subjects
        Female
    24 24
        Male
    36 36
    Birthweight
    Birthweight was captured at the baseline visit for all subjects enrolled. Birthweight was captured in grams and the median birthweight overall was reported.
    Units: gram(s)
        median (full range (min-max))
    873 (709 to 1075) -

    End points

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    End points reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Ibuprofen Arm
    Reporting group description
    Infants in the intervention arm received intravenous Ibuprofen (Pedea 5mg/1ml) at a dose of 10mg/kg (2ml/kg), followed by 2 doses of 5mg/kg (1ml/kg) 24 hours apart administered as a short infusion over 15 minutes.

    Reporting group title
    Placebo Arm
    Reporting group description
    Infants in the control group received an intravenous dose of placebo (normal saline) at a volume equivalent to that in the intervention group (2ml/kg 1st dose; 1ml/kg 2nd & 3rd doses) administered as a short infusion over 15 minutes.

    Primary: Chronic Lung Disease or Death

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    End point title
    Chronic Lung Disease or Death
    End point description
    CLD was defined as the need for oxygen supplementation at 36 weeks corrected gestational age with typical chest radiograph changes.
    End point type
    Primary
    End point timeframe
    The Primary end point was Chronic Lung Disease and / or death before discharge (CLD/Death).
    End point values
    Ibuprofen Arm Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects analysed
    30
    30
    Units: Number of subjects
    16
    18
    Statistical analysis title
    Statistical analysis of Endpoints
    Statistical analysis description
    The primary outcome and most of the secondary outcomes are dichotomous variables. Continuous variables was tested for normality by comparing the mean and median, a histogram representation of data, and the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality and was presented as means (standard deviation) or median [inter-quartile range] as appropriate. Dichotomous variables was presented as proportions and summarised in contingency tables.
    Comparison groups
    Ibuprofen Arm v Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    60
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    other [1]
    P-value
    < 0.05 [2]
    Method
    Chi-squared
    Parameter type
    Odds ratio (OR)
    Point estimate
    0.8
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.3
         upper limit
    2.1
    Variability estimate
    Standard deviation
    Notes
    [1] - All enrolled infants were analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. Analysis for the feasibility study was conducted once the recruitment of all patients was completed. No interim analysis of treatment effect wasconducted.
    [2] - P value for this outcome measure was 0.80

    Secondary: Use of Inotropes in first week

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    End point title
    Use of Inotropes in first week
    End point description
     Number of inotropes used (numeric)  Duration of inotrope used in Days (numeric)
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    First week of enrolment
    End point values
    Ibuprofen Arm Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects analysed
    30
    30
    Units: Number of Subjects
    2
    2
    Statistical analysis title
    Statistical analysis of secondary Endpoints
    Statistical analysis description
    A chi squared test will be used for the primary analysis of the dichotomous primary and secondary outcomes
    Comparison groups
    Ibuprofen Arm v Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    60
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    other [3]
    P-value
    < 0.05 [4]
    Method
    Chi-squared
    Parameter type
    Odds ratio (OR)
    Point estimate
    1
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.1
         upper limit
    7.6
    Variability estimate
    Standard deviation
    Notes
    [3] - We will use IBM SPSS® (Version 22) to perform the statistical analysis. All enrolled infants will be analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. Analysis for the feasibility study will only be conducted once the recruitment of all patients is completed. No interim analysis of treatment effect will be conducted
    [4] - P value for this outcome was 1.0

    Secondary: Use of Frusemide (yes/no)

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    End point title
    Use of Frusemide (yes/no)
    End point description
    Frusemide administration yes/no
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Duration of study participation
    End point values
    Ibuprofen Arm Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects analysed
    30
    30
    Units: Number of Subjects
    21
    18
    Statistical analysis title
    Statistical analysis of secondary Endpoints
    Statistical analysis description
    A chi squared test will be used for the primary analysis of the dichotomous primary and secondary outcomes
    Comparison groups
    Placebo Arm v Ibuprofen Arm
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    60
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    other [5]
    P-value
    < 0.05 [6]
    Method
    Chi-squared
    Parameter type
    Odds ratio (OR)
    Point estimate
    1.6
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.5
         upper limit
    4.5
    Variability estimate
    Standard deviation
    Notes
    [5] - We will use IBM SPSS® (version 22) to perform the statistical analysis. All enrolled infants will be analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. Analysis for the feasibility study will only be conducted once the recruitment of all patients is completed. No interim analysis of treatment effect will be conducted
    [6] - P value is 0.59

    Secondary: Median Day of Frusemide Use

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    End point title
    Median Day of Frusemide Use
    End point description
    Frusemide day of life (numeric)
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    trial duration
    End point values
    Ibuprofen Arm Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects analysed
    30
    30
    Units: day
        median (full range (min-max))
    22 (16 to 39)
    25 (19 to 33)
    Statistical analysis title
    Statistical analysis of secondary Endpoints
    Statistical analysis description
    A chi squared test will be used for the primary analysis of the dichotomous primary and secondary outcomes
    Comparison groups
    Placebo Arm v Ibuprofen Arm
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    60
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    other [7]
    P-value
    < 0.05 [8]
    Method
    Chi-squared
    Confidence interval
    Notes
    [7] - We will use IBM SPSS® (version 22) to perform the statistical analysis. All enrolled infants will be analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. Analysis for the feasibility study will only be conducted once the recruitment of all patients is completed. No interim analysis of treatment effect will be conducted
    [8] - P value is 0.75

    Secondary: Red cell transfusions

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    End point title
    Red cell transfusions
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    trial duration
    End point values
    Ibuprofen Arm Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects analysed
    30
    30
    Units: Number of subjects
    26
    25
    Statistical analysis title
    Statistical analysis of secondary Endpoints
    Statistical analysis description
    A chi squared test will be used for the primary analysis of the dichotomous primary and secondary outcomes
    Comparison groups
    Ibuprofen Arm v Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    60
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    other [9]
    P-value
    < 0.05 [10]
    Method
    Chi-squared
    Parameter type
    Odds ratio (OR)
    Point estimate
    1.3
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.3
         upper limit
    5.4
    Variability estimate
    Standard deviation
    Notes
    [9] - We will use IBM SPSS® (version 22) to perform the statistical analysis. All enrolled infants will be analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. Analysis for the feasibility study will only be conducted once the recruitment of all patients is completed. No interim analysis of treatment effect will be conducted
    [10] - P value is 1

    Secondary: PDA treatment with Paracetamol

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    End point title
    PDA treatment with Paracetamol
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    trial duration
    End point values
    Ibuprofen Arm Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects analysed
    30
    30
    Units: Number of subjects
    5
    10
    Statistical analysis title
    Statistical analysis of secondary Endpoints
    Statistical analysis description
    A chi squared test will be used for the primary analysis of the dichotomous primary and secondary outcomes
    Comparison groups
    Placebo Arm v Ibuprofen Arm
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    60
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    other [11]
    P-value
    < 0.05 [12]
    Method
    Chi-squared
    Parameter type
    Odds ratio (OR)
    Point estimate
    0.4
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.1
         upper limit
    1.4
    Variability estimate
    Standard deviation
    Notes
    [11] - We will use IBM SPSS® (version 22) to perform the statistical analysis. All enrolled infants will be analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. Analysis for the feasibility study will only be conducted once the recruitment of all patients is completed. No interim analysis of treatment effect will be conducted
    [12] - p value is 0.23

    Secondary: PDA Ligation

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    End point title
    PDA Ligation
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    trial duration
    End point values
    Ibuprofen Arm Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects analysed
    30
    30
    Units: Number of subjects
    6
    6
    Statistical analysis title
    Statistical analysis of secondary Endpoints
    Statistical analysis description
    A chi squared test will be used for the primary analysis of the dichotomous primary and secondary outcomes
    Comparison groups
    Ibuprofen Arm v Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    60
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    other [13]
    P-value
    < 0.05 [14]
    Method
    Chi-squared
    Parameter type
    Odds ratio (OR)
    Point estimate
    1
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.3
         upper limit
    3.5
    Variability estimate
    Standard deviation
    Notes
    [13] - We will use IBM SPSS® (version 22) to perform the statistical analysis. All enrolled infants will be analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. Analysis for the feasibility study will only be conducted once the recruitment of all patients is completed. No interim analysis of treatment effect will be conducted
    [14] - p value is 1

    Secondary: Pulmonary Haemorrhage

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    End point title
    Pulmonary Haemorrhage
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Trial Duration
    End point values
    Ibuprofen Arm Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects analysed
    30
    30
    Units: Number of subjects
    1
    1
    Statistical analysis title
    Statistical analysis of secondary Endpoints
    Statistical analysis description
    A chi squared test will be used for the primary analysis of the dichotomous primary and secondary outcomes
    Comparison groups
    Placebo Arm v Ibuprofen Arm
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    60
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    other [15]
    P-value
    < 0.05 [16]
    Method
    Chi-squared
    Parameter type
    Odds ratio (OR)
    Point estimate
    1
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.1
         upper limit
    16.8
    Variability estimate
    Standard deviation
    Notes
    [15] - We will use IBM SPSS® (version 22) to perform the statistical analysis. All enrolled infants will be analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. Analysis for the feasibility study will only be conducted once the recruitment of all patients is completed. No interim analysis of treatment effect will be conducted
    [16] - p value is 1

    Secondary: Necrotising Entercolitis

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    End point title
    Necrotising Entercolitis
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    Trial duration
    End point values
    Ibuprofen Arm Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects analysed
    30
    30
    Units: Number of subjects
    6
    4
    Statistical analysis title
    Statistical analysis of secondary Endpoints
    Statistical analysis description
    A chi squared test will be used for the primary analysis of the dichotomous primary and secondary outcomes
    Comparison groups
    Ibuprofen Arm v Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    60
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    other [17]
    P-value
    < 0.05 [18]
    Method
    Chi-squared
    Parameter type
    Odds ratio (OR)
    Point estimate
    1.6
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.4
         upper limit
    6.5
    Variability estimate
    Standard deviation
    Notes
    [17] - We will use IBM SPSS® (version 22) to perform the statistical analysis. All enrolled infants will be analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. Analysis for the feasibility study will only be conducted once the recruitment of all patients is completed. No interim analysis of treatment effect will be conducted
    [18] - p value is 0.73

    Secondary: Postnatal steroids

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    End point title
    Postnatal steroids
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    trial duration
    End point values
    Ibuprofen Arm Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects analysed
    30
    30
    Units: number of subjects
    5
    2
    Statistical analysis title
    Statistical analysis of secondary Endpoints
    Statistical analysis description
    A chi squared test will be used for the primary analysis of the dichotomous primary and secondary outcomes
    Comparison groups
    Ibuprofen Arm v Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    60
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    other [19]
    P-value
    < 0.05 [20]
    Method
    Chi-squared
    Parameter type
    Odds ratio (OR)
    Point estimate
    2.8
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.5
         upper limit
    15.7
    Variability estimate
    Standard deviation
    Notes
    [19] - we will use IBM SPSS® (version 22) to perform the statistical analysis. All enrolled infants will be analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. Analysis for the feasibility study will only be conducted once the recruitment of all patients is completed. No interim analysis of treatment effect will be conducted
    [20] - p value is 0.42

    Secondary: Culture proven sepsis

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    End point title
    Culture proven sepsis
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    trial duration
    End point values
    Ibuprofen Arm Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects analysed
    30
    30
    Units: Number of subjects
    7
    7
    Statistical analysis title
    Statistical analysis of secondary Endpoints
    Statistical analysis description
    A chi squared test will be used for the primary analysis of the dichotomous primary and secondary outcomes
    Comparison groups
    Ibuprofen Arm v Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    60
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    other [21]
    P-value
    < 0.05 [22]
    Method
    Chi-squared
    Parameter type
    Odds ratio (OR)
    Point estimate
    1
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.3
         upper limit
    3.3
    Variability estimate
    Standard deviation
    Notes
    [21] - We will use IBM SPSS® (version 22) to perform the statistical analysis. All enrolled infants will be analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. Analysis for the feasibility study will only be conducted once the recruitment of all patients is completed. No interim analysis of treatment effect will be conducted
    [22] - p value is 1

    Secondary: Retinopathy of Prematurity requiring intervention

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    End point title
    Retinopathy of Prematurity requiring intervention
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    trial duration
    End point values
    Ibuprofen Arm Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects analysed
    30
    30
    Units: Number of subjects
    4
    5
    Statistical analysis title
    Statistical analysis of secondary Endpoints
    Statistical analysis description
    A chi squared test will be used for the primary analysis of the dichotomous primary and secondary outcomes
    Comparison groups
    Ibuprofen Arm v Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    60
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    other [23]
    P-value
    < 0.05 [24]
    Method
    Chi-squared
    Parameter type
    Odds ratio (OR)
    Point estimate
    0.8
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.2
         upper limit
    3.2
    Variability estimate
    Standard deviation
    Notes
    [23] - We will use IBM SPSS® (version 22) to perform the statistical analysis. All enrolled infants will be analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. Analysis for the feasibility study will only be conducted once the recruitment of all patients is completed. No interim analysis of treatment effect will be conducted
    [24] - p value is 1

    Secondary: Grade 3/4 Intraventricular Haemorrhage

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    End point title
    Grade 3/4 Intraventricular Haemorrhage
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    trial duration
    End point values
    Ibuprofen Arm Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects analysed
    30
    30
    Units: Number of subjects
    1
    1
    Statistical analysis title
    Statistical analysis of secondary Endpoints
    Statistical analysis description
    A chi squared test will be used for the primary analysis of the dichotomous primary and secondary outcomes
    Comparison groups
    Ibuprofen Arm v Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    60
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    other [25]
    P-value
    < 0.05 [26]
    Method
    Chi-squared
    Parameter type
    Odds ratio (OR)
    Point estimate
    1
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.1
         upper limit
    16.8
    Variability estimate
    Standard deviation
    Notes
    [25] - We will use IBM SPSS® (version 22) to perform the statistical analysis. All enrolled infants will be analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. Analysis for the feasibility study will only be conducted once the recruitment of all patients is completed. No interim analysis of treatment effect will be conducted
    [26] - p value is 1

    Secondary: Periventricular Leukomalacia

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    End point title
    Periventricular Leukomalacia
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    trial duration
    End point values
    Ibuprofen Arm Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects analysed
    30
    30
    Units: Number of subjects
    4
    0
    Statistical analysis title
    Statistical analysis of secondary Endpoints
    Statistical analysis description
    A chi squared test will be used for the primary analysis of the dichotomous primary and secondary outcomes
    Comparison groups
    Ibuprofen Arm v Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    60
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    other [27]
    P-value
    < 0.05 [28]
    Method
    Chi-squared
    Confidence interval
    Notes
    [27] - We will use IBM SPSS® (version 22) to perform the statistical analysis. All enrolled infants will be analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. Analysis for the feasibility study will only be conducted once the recruitment of all patients is completed. No interim analysis of treatment effect will be conducted
    [28] - p value is 0.12

    Secondary: Ventilation Days

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    End point title
    Ventilation Days
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    trial duration
    End point values
    Ibuprofen Arm Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects analysed
    30
    30
    Units: days
        median (full range (min-max))
    3 (1 to 8)
    3 (1 to 14)
    Statistical analysis title
    Statistical analysis of secondary Endpoints
    Statistical analysis description
    A chi squared test will be used for the primary analysis of the dichotomous primary and secondary outcomes
    Comparison groups
    Placebo Arm v Ibuprofen Arm
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    60
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    other [29]
    P-value
    < 0.05 [30]
    Method
    Chi-squared
    Confidence interval
    Notes
    [29] - We will use IBM SPSS® (version 22) to perform the statistical analysis. All enrolled infants will be analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. Analysis for the feasibility study will only be conducted once the recruitment of all patients is completed. No interim analysis of treatment effect will be conducted
    [30] - p value is 0.50

    Secondary: CPAP Days

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    End point title
    CPAP Days
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    trial duration
    End point values
    Ibuprofen Arm Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects analysed
    30
    30
    Units: days
        median (full range (min-max))
    38 (26 to 47)
    34 (28 to 47)
    Statistical analysis title
    Statistical analysis of secondary Endpoints
    Statistical analysis description
    A chi squared test will be used for the primary analysis of the dichotomous primary and secondary outcomes
    Comparison groups
    Ibuprofen Arm v Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    60
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    other [31]
    P-value
    < 0.05 [32]
    Method
    Chi-squared
    Confidence interval
    Notes
    [31] - We will use IBM SPSS® (version 22) to perform the statistical analysis. All enrolled infants will be analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. Analysis for the feasibility study will only be conducted once the recruitment of all patients is completed. No interim analysis of treatment effect will be conducted
    [32] - p value is 0.56

    Secondary: HFNC Days

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    End point title
    HFNC Days
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    trial duration
    End point values
    Ibuprofen Arm Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects analysed
    30
    30
    Units: days
        median (full range (min-max))
    14 (9 to 25)
    16 (8 to 22)
    Statistical analysis title
    Statistical analysis of secondary Endpoints
    Statistical analysis description
    A chi squared test will be used for the primary analysis of the dichotomous primary and secondary outcomes
    Comparison groups
    Ibuprofen Arm v Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    60
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    other [33]
    P-value
    < 0.05 [34]
    Method
    Chi-squared
    Confidence interval
    Notes
    [33] - we will use IBM SPSS® (version 22) to perform the statistical analysis. All enrolled infants will be analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. Analysis for the feasibility study will only be conducted once the recruitment of all patients is completed. No interim analysis of treatment effect will be conducted
    [34] - p value is 0.88

    Secondary: Oxygen Days

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    End point title
    Oxygen Days
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    trial duration
    End point values
    Ibuprofen Arm Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects analysed
    30
    30
    Units: days
        median (full range (min-max))
    9 (1 to 20)
    12 (2 to 26)
    Statistical analysis title
    Statistical analysis of secondary Endpoints
    Statistical analysis description
    A chi squared test will be used for the primary analysis of the dichotomous primary and secondary outcomes
    Comparison groups
    Ibuprofen Arm v Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    60
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    other [35]
    P-value
    < 0.05 [36]
    Method
    Chi-squared
    Confidence interval
    Notes
    [35] - We will use IBM SPSS® (version 22) to perform the statistical analysis. All enrolled infants will be analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. Analysis for the feasibility study will only be conducted once the recruitment of all patients is completed. No interim analysis of treatment effect will be conducted
    [36] - p value is 0.66

    Secondary: Hospital Days

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    End point title
    Hospital Days
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    trial duration
    End point values
    Ibuprofen Arm Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects analysed
    30
    30
    Units: day
        median (full range (min-max))
    87 (75 to 97)
    87 (74 to 97)
    Statistical analysis title
    Statistical analysis of secondary Endpoints
    Statistical analysis description
    A chi squared test will be used for the primary analysis of the dichotomous primary and secondary outcomes
    Comparison groups
    Ibuprofen Arm v Placebo Arm
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    60
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    other [37]
    P-value
    < 0.05 [38]
    Method
    Chi-squared
    Confidence interval
    Notes
    [37] - We will use IBM SPSS® (version 22) to perform the statistical analysis. All enrolled infants will be analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. Analysis for the feasibility study will only be conducted once the recruitment of all patients is completed. No interim analysis of treatment effect will be conducted
    [38] - p value is 0.87

    Adverse events

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    Adverse events information
    Timeframe for reporting adverse events
    baseline to 120-168 hour visit (Visit 4)
    Adverse event reporting additional description
    Investigator performed check of adverse event from baseline to 120-168 hour visit (Visit 4) by reviewing the subject chart.
    Assessment type
    Systematic
    Dictionary used for adverse event reporting
    Dictionary name
    MedDRA
    Dictionary version
    22.1
    Reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Intervention
    Reporting group description
    -

    Reporting group title
    Placebo
    Reporting group description
    Infants in the control group received an intravenous dose of placebo (normal saline) at a volume equivalent to that in the intervention group (2ml/kg 1st dose; 1ml/kg 2nd & 3rd doses) administered as a short infusion over 15 minutes. The patency of the ductus was assessed 24 hours after the last placebo dose using echocardiography. If the PDA remained open (PDA diameter > 1.5 mm), then a second course of placebo was given.

    Serious adverse events
    Intervention Placebo
    Total subjects affected by serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    5 / 30 (16.67%)
    15 / 30 (50.00%)
         number of deaths (all causes)
    2
    4
         number of deaths resulting from adverse events
    2
    4
    Congenital, familial and genetic disorders
    Ventricular septal defect
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cardiac disorders
    Cardiopulmonary failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Nervous system disorders
    Intraventricular haemorrhage neonatal
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
    3 / 30 (10.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
    Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions
    Premature baby
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Necrotising enterocolitis neonatal
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 30 (10.00%)
    4 / 30 (13.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 3
    0 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 1
    Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Neonatal intestinal perforation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    Pleural effusion
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
    Pulmonary haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Respiratory failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
    Infections and infestations
    Staphylococcal sepsis
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Bacterial sepsis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Sepsis neonatal
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 30 (10.00%)
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 3
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
    0 / 0
    Escherichia sepsis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Klebsiella sepsis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Frequency threshold for reporting non-serious adverse events: 0%
    Non-serious adverse events
    Intervention Placebo
    Total subjects affected by non serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    30 / 30 (100.00%)
    30 / 30 (100.00%)
    Vascular disorders
    Haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Hypotension
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Thrombosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions
    Jaundice neonatal
         subjects affected / exposed
    28 / 30 (93.33%)
    29 / 30 (96.67%)
         occurrences all number
    28
    29
    Weight decrease neonatal
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
    4 / 30 (13.33%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    4
    General disorders and administration site conditions
    Pyrexia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    2
    Hyperthermia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Hypothermia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    Acute respiratory distress syndrome
         subjects affected / exposed
    24 / 30 (80.00%)
    30 / 30 (100.00%)
         occurrences all number
    24
    30
    Apnoea
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Neonatal aspiration
         subjects affected / exposed
    6 / 30 (20.00%)
    9 / 30 (30.00%)
         occurrences all number
    6
    9
    Respiratory failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Respiratory disorder neonatal
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Pleural effusion
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Pneumonia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Pulmonary haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    2
    Pulmonary hypertension
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    1
    Upper airway obstruction
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Investigations
    Blood calcium increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Blood creatinine increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Blood magnesium increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Body temperature fluctuation
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Urine output increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Brain scan abnormal
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 30 (10.00%)
    3 / 30 (10.00%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    3
    Ultrasound abdomen abnormal
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Blood alkaline phosphatase increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    2
    Blood sodium decreased
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    White blood cell count decreased
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Injury, poisoning and procedural complications
    Contusion
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    2
    Skin laceration
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Cardiac disorders
    Cardiopulmonary failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Tachycardia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Bradycardia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Ventricular septal defect
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Nervous system disorders
    Intraventricular haemorrhage neonatal
         subjects affected / exposed
    8 / 30 (26.67%)
    14 / 30 (46.67%)
         occurrences all number
    10
    15
    Blood and lymphatic system disorders
    Anaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    12 / 30 (40.00%)
    11 / 30 (36.67%)
         occurrences all number
    19
    14
    Leukopenia
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    2
    Leukocytosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Neutropenia
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Thrombocytopenia
         subjects affected / exposed
    4 / 30 (13.33%)
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences all number
    4
    2
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Necrotising colitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    4 / 30 (13.33%)
    3 / 30 (10.00%)
         occurrences all number
    4
    3
    Abdominal distension
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Meconium ileus
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Inguinal hernia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
    Skin discolouration
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Rash maculo-papular
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Pigmentation disorder
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    2
    Umbilical erythema
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    2
    Decubitus ulcer
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Rash
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Skin disorder
         subjects affected / exposed
    9 / 30 (30.00%)
    4 / 30 (13.33%)
         occurrences all number
    9
    4
    Renal and urinary disorders
    Acute kidney injury
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Haematuria
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Hypercalciuria
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
    Muscle rigidity
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Intervertebral disc protrusion
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Infections and infestations
    Cellulitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Staphylococcal sepsis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Bacterial disease carrier
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Sepsis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    2
    Klebsiella sepsis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Sepsis neonatal
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Omphalitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    2
    Metabolism and nutrition disorders
    Feeding intolerance
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    1
    Hypertriglyceridaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 30 (10.00%)
    3 / 30 (10.00%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    3
    Hyperglycaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    18 / 30 (60.00%)
    10 / 30 (33.33%)
         occurrences all number
    19
    10
    Hyperkalaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Hypernatraemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    12 / 30 (40.00%)
    14 / 30 (46.67%)
         occurrences all number
    12
    14
    Hypophosphataemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 30 (10.00%)
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    2
    Hyponatraemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    8 / 30 (26.67%)
    11 / 30 (36.67%)
         occurrences all number
    8
    12
    Hypocalcaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    0 / 30 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Hypoglycaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    4 / 30 (13.33%)
    3 / 30 (10.00%)
         occurrences all number
    4
    3
    Hypokalaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    2
    Metabolic acidosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1

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    Substantial protocol amendments (globally)

    Were there any global substantial amendments to the protocol? Yes
    Date
    Amendment
    25 Aug 2016
    Paragraph modified to clarify that all statistical tests will be two tailed and that Fisher’s exact test (in place of the chi-squared test) will be used when the counts in one or more cells have an expected frequency of five or less (for 2 by 2 table). Control Arm: The administration of the Placebo was clarified and altered to exactly mirror the administration of the Intervention. Timing of ECHO 3 corrected from 120 hours to 192 hours. Randomisation method clarified to state that infants will be stratified into two gestational age brackets: 23 – 26 weeks and 27 – 28 weeks. Placebo: The administration of the Placebo was clarified and altered to exactly mirror the administration of the Intervention. Paragraph modified to clarify that all statistical tests will be two tailed and that Fisher’s exact test (in place of the chi-squared test) will be used when the counts in one or more cells have an expected frequency of five or less (for 2 by 2 table). The sample size justification was corrected to state that the sample size will be sufficient to demonstrate a significant difference in the primary outcome between the groups if the event rate is reduced from 90% in the control arm to 55% (rather than 60%) in the intervention arm.
    26 Mar 2019
    Updated recruitment timeframe/window. Sponsor/site team details updated Anticipated recruitment period updated to align with amended Study end date, reflecting delay in recruitment. Timeframe for recording concomitant medication specified for clarity. Safety Section updated to reflect current Safety practices and Sponsor designated SOPs. Sponsor pharmacovigilance email address changed to reflect the current email for reporting Serious Adverse Events

    Interruptions (globally)

    Were there any global interruptions to the trial? No

    Limitations and caveats

    Limitations of the trial such as small numbers of subjects analysed or technical problems leading to unreliable data.
    None reported

    Online references

    http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33069668
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