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    Clinical Trial Results:
    Meal-time Administration of exenatide for Glycaemic control in type 1 diabetic Cases: A randomised, placebo-controlled trial

    Summary
    EudraCT number
    2016-001365-92
    Trial protocol
    DK  
    Global end of trial date
    19 Jun 2019

    Results information
    Results version number
    v1(current)
    This version publication date
    01 May 2020
    First version publication date
    01 May 2020
    Other versions

    Trial information

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    Trial identification
    Sponsor protocol code
    Eudract-nr.: 2016-001365-92
    Additional study identifiers
    ISRCTN number
    -
    US NCT number
    NCT03017352
    WHO universal trial number (UTN)
    -
    Sponsors
    Sponsor organisation name
    Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital
    Sponsor organisation address
    Gentofte Hospitalsvej 7, 3rd floor, Gentofte, Denmark, DK-2820
    Public contact
    Filip Krag Knop, Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, 0045 26830161, filipknop@dadlnet.dk
    Scientific contact
    Filip Krag Knop, Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, 0045 26830161, filipknop@dadlnet.dk
    Paediatric regulatory details
    Is trial part of an agreed paediatric investigation plan (PIP)
    No
    Does article 45 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Does article 46 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Results analysis stage
    Analysis stage
    Final
    Date of interim/final analysis
    10 Jul 2019
    Is this the analysis of the primary completion data?
    Yes
    Primary completion date
    19 Jun 2019
    Global end of trial reached?
    Yes
    Global end of trial date
    19 Jun 2019
    Was the trial ended prematurely?
    No
    General information about the trial
    Main objective of the trial
    The present project aims to evaluate the safety and therapeutic effect of the short-acting GLP-1RA exenatide administered three times daily (at meal-times) as add-on therapy to standard basal-plus-prandial insulin regimen in patients with T1D.
    Protection of trial subjects
    This study contributed with important information about short-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists as adjunct to insulin treatment in patients with type 1 diabetes. The risk of side effects when participating in this study was expected to be modest. The injection of arginine is a well-validated and safe method, but potentially associated with transient mild flushing, nausea and a metallic taste. Exenatide is approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes by the European Medicines Agency, and prior studies have shown limited side effects. Among these are nausea, vomiting, hypoglycaemia and headache. Nausea and vomiting are usually seen in the first three weeks after initiation of treatment and are generally temporary; in this study, the risk of side effects was minimised amongst participant by gradual dose titration. The risk of hypoglycaemia was reduced by reducing insulin doses at study start and instructing the patients in carefully monitoring their blood glucose and report any problems to the investigators. Few cases of acute pancreatitis have been reported in patients with type 2 diabetes using exenatide, but the incidence was not different from that in the background population with type 2 diabetes. No cases of acute pancreatitis happened in the present trial. Performing vein puncture could inflict a short pain and a risk of a small haematoma and there was a minimal risk of infection at the puncture site. At the two DXA scans, the participants were exposed to weak X-ray radiation (less than 1 mSv in total). For comparison, the background radiation in Denmark is about 3 mSv per year. With regard to all other planned study procedures, the risk of complications or adverse events was negligible.
    Background therapy
    -
    Evidence for comparator
    -
    Actual start date of recruitment
    04 Jan 2017
    Long term follow-up planned
    No
    Independent data monitoring committee (IDMC) involvement?
    No
    Population of trial subjects
    Number of subjects enrolled per country
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Denmark: 105
    Worldwide total number of subjects
    105
    EEA total number of subjects
    105
    Number of subjects enrolled per age group
    In utero
    0
    Preterm newborn - gestational age < 37 wk
    0
    Newborns (0-27 days)
    0
    Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    0
    Children (2-11 years)
    0
    Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0
    Adults (18-64 years)
    85
    From 65 to 84 years
    20
    85 years and over
    0

    Subject disposition

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    Recruitment
    Recruitment details
    -

    Pre-assignment
    Screening details
    At screening, information on demography, medical history, smoking/drinking status and concomitant medication was obtained. Further, a physical assessment was made including heart rate, blood pressure, body weight, hip/waist ratio and electrocardiography together with blood samples and urine tests.

    Period 1
    Period 1 title
    Overall trial (overall period)
    Is this the baseline period?
    Yes
    Allocation method
    Randomised - controlled
    Blinding used
    Double blind
    Roles blinded
    Subject, Investigator, Data analyst

    Arms
    Are arms mutually exclusive
    Yes

    Arm title
    Exenatide
    Arm description
    Short-acting exenatide 10 microgram three times daily within one hour of breakfast, lunch and dinner
    Arm type
    Experimental

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Exenatide
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Injection
    Routes of administration
    Subcutaneous use
    Dosage and administration details
    Exenatide solution for injection (manufacturer AstraZeneca) in 5 µg and 10 µg doses. The medication exenatide, comes in 3.0 ml, 0.25 mg/mL cartridges, which are inserted into a reusable pen, Ypsopen™, for subcutaneous injection. Exenatide will be introduced at a dose of 5 µg three times daily (with every main meal) and increased to 10 µg three times daily (with every main meal) after two weeks or gradually in the case of side effects.

    Arm title
    Placebo
    Arm description
    Placebo
    Arm type
    Placebo

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Placebo
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Injection
    Routes of administration
    Subcutaneous use
    Dosage and administration details
    Placebo solution for injection (manufacturer AstraZeneca) in 5 µg and 10 µg doses. The medication , comes in 3.0 ml, 0.25 mg/mL cartridges, which are inserted into a reusable pen, Ypsopen™, for subcutaneous injection. Placebo will be introduced at a dose of 5 µg three times daily (with every main meal) and increased to 10 µg three times daily (with every main meal) after two weeks or gradually in the case of side effects.

    Number of subjects in period 1
    Exenatide Placebo
    Started
    52
    53
    Completed
    35
    47
    Not completed
    17
    6
         Consent withdrawn by subject
    3
    3
         Physician decision
    1
    -
         Adverse event, non-fatal
    10
    -
         Protocol deviation
    3
    3

    Baseline characteristics

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    Baseline characteristics reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Exenatide
    Reporting group description
    Short-acting exenatide 10 microgram three times daily within one hour of breakfast, lunch and dinner

    Reporting group title
    Placebo
    Reporting group description
    Placebo

    Reporting group values
    Exenatide Placebo Total
    Number of subjects
    52 53 105
    Age categorical
    Units: Subjects
        In utero
    0 0 0
        Preterm newborn infants (gestational age < 37 wks)
    0 0 0
        Newborns (0-27 days)
    0 0 0
        Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    0 0 0
        Children (2-11 years)
    0 0 0
        Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0 0 0
        Adults (18-64 years)
    43 43 86
        From 65-84 years
    9 10 19
        85 years and over
    0 0 0
    Age continuous
    Units: years
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    50.1 ± 14.2 50.4 ± 14.0 -
    Gender categorical
    Units: Subjects
        Female
    13 16 29
        Male
    39 37 76
    Caucasian ethnicity
    Units: Subjects
        Number
    52 53 105
    Diabetes duration
    Units: Years
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    21.2 ± 11.3 21 ± 12.9 -
    HbA1c
    Units: mmol/mol
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    66.8 ± 7.9 65.9 ± 6.5 -
    Weight
    Units: kg
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    89.7 ± 14.4 85.8 ± 14.3 -
    BMI
    Body mass index
    Units: kg/m^2
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    29.0 ± 4.8 27.7 ± 4.1 -
    C-peptide fasting
    Units: pmol/L
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    24.6 ± 53.2 23.2 ± 64.2 -
    Insulin dose, basal
    Units: Units/day
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    31.2 ± 11.1 29.7 ± 13.7 -
    Insulin dose, bolus (IU/day)
    Units: Units/day
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    30.2 ± 13.7 29.6 ± 19.6 -
    Insulin dose, breakfast
    Units: Units/day
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    8.9 ± 4.8 9.3 ± 6.6 -
    Insulin dose, lunch
    Units: Units/day
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    8.9 ± 4.8 9.3 ± 6.6 -
    Insulin dose, dinner
    Units: Units/day
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    11.7 ± 6.0 11.6 ± 7.6 -
    Fasting plasma glucose
    Units: mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    9.2 ± 2.2 9.4 ± 2.9 -
    Postprandial plasma glucose
    Units: mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    9.4 ± 2.0 8.9 ± 1.7 -
    Mean glucose
    Continous glucose monitoring
    Units: mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    10.3 ± 1.8 10.2 ± 1.8 -
    Standard deviation
    Continous glucose monitoring
    Units: mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    4.0 ± 0.9 4.0 ± 0.8 -
    Target glycaemia (4-10 mmol/l)
    Continous glucose monitoring
    Units: Percentage of 24 hours
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    48.4 ± 15.0 48.7 ± 13.9 -
    Hyperglycaemia (>10 mmol/l)
    Continous glucose monitoring
    Units: Percentage of 24 hours
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    47.5 ± 15.9 46.6 ± 15.7 -
    Hypoglycaemia level 1 (3.0-3.9 mmol/l)
    Continous glucose monitoring
    Units: Percentage of 24 hours
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    2.8 ± 2.8 3.3 ± 3.4 -
    Hypoglycaemia level 2 (<3.0 mmol/l)
    Continous glucose monitoring
    Units: Percentage of 24 hours
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    1.3 ± 2.2 1.4 ± 2.6 -
    Ketones
    Units: mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    0.23 ± 0.23 0.29 ± 0.27 -
    Amylase
    Units: Units/l
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    15.4 ± 5.8 16.4 ± 7.5 -
    Lipase
    Units: Units/l
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    21.2 ± 10.9 22.5 ± 9.6 -
    Blood pressure, systolic
    Units: mmHg
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    129.0 ± 13.1 129.0 ± 15.7 -
    Blood pressure, diastolic
    Units: mmHg
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    82.0 ± 8.3 82.5 ± 9.5 -
    Heart rate
    Units: beats/minute
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    69.8 ± 10.4 69.8 ± 11.3 -
    Cholesterol, total
    Units: mmol/L
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    4.15 ± 0.87 4.05 ± 0.89 -
    Cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein
    Units: mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    1.37 ± 0.37 1.34 ± 0.36 -
    Cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein
    Units: Mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    2.38 ± 0.73 2.34 ± 0.83 -
    Cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein
    Units: Mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    0.40 ± 0.19 0.37 ± 0.19 -
    Triglycerides
    Units: Mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    0.87 ± 0.39 0.83 ± 0.42 -

    End points

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    End points reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Exenatide
    Reporting group description
    Short-acting exenatide 10 microgram three times daily within one hour of breakfast, lunch and dinner

    Reporting group title
    Placebo
    Reporting group description
    Placebo

    Primary: HbA1c

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    End point title
    HbA1c
    End point description
    End point type
    Primary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: Mmol/mol
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    63.2 (61.1 to 65.2)
    64.2 (62.4 to 66.1)
    Statistical analysis title
    Linear mixed model (primary)
    Statistical analysis description
    Incorporating maximum likelihood estimation for missing data substitution (equivalent to multiple imputation).
    Comparison groups
    Exenatide v Placebo
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    105
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    ≤ 0.05
    Method
    Mixed models analysis
    Parameter type
    Mean difference (final values)
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    -
         upper limit
    -
    Variability estimate
    Standard error of the mean

    Secondary: Weight

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    End point title
    Weight
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: Kg
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    83.6 (80.8 to 86.5)
    88.0 (85.2 to 90.8)
    Statistical analysis title
    Linear mixed model (secondary)
    Statistical analysis description
    Incorporating maximum likelihood estimation for missing data substitution (equivalent to multiple imputation). This model was used for all secondary endpoints unless stated otherwise at the specific endpoint.
    Comparison groups
    Exenatide v Placebo
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    105
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    ≤ 0.05 [1]
    Method
    Mixed models analysis
    Parameter type
    Mean difference (final values)
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    -
         upper limit
    -
    Variability estimate
    Standard error of the mean
    Notes
    [1] - Secondary endpoints are adjusted for multiple testing via the 'False discovery rate' method

    Secondary: Insulin, total

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    End point title
    Insulin, total
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: Units/day
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    53.3 (48.0 to 58.7)
    62.3 (57.0 to 67.5)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Insulin, basal

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    End point title
    Insulin, basal
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: Units/day
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    31.6 (29.1 to 34.2)
    32.2 (29.6 to 34.7)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Insulin prandial (total)

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    End point title
    Insulin prandial (total)
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: Units/day
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    21.7 (18.2 to 25.2)
    30.1 (26.8 to 33.5)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Insulin, prandial (breakfast)

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    End point title
    Insulin, prandial (breakfast)
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: Units/day
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    6.4 (5.1 to 7.7)
    9.2 (7.9 to 10.4)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Insulin, prandial (lunch)

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    End point title
    Insulin, prandial (lunch)
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: Units/day
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    6.9 (5.7 to 8.0)
    9.1 (8.0 to 10.3)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Insulin, prandial (dinner)

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    End point title
    Insulin, prandial (dinner)
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: Units/day
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    8.4 (7.0 to 9.8)
    11.8 (10.5 to 13.1)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Mean glucose

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    End point title
    Mean glucose
    End point description
    Based on seven-point self-monitoring of blood glucose profiles.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    9.0 (8.4 to 9.5)
    9.4 (8.9 to 9.9)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Fasting plasma glucose

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    End point title
    Fasting plasma glucose
    End point description
    Based on seven-point self-monitoring of blood glucose profiles.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: Mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    9.7 (8.7 to 10.6)
    9.1 (8.2 to 10.0)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Postprandial plasma glucose (average)

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    End point title
    Postprandial plasma glucose (average)
    End point description
    Based on seven-point self-monitoring of blood glucose profiles.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: Mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    8.7 (8.0 to 9.5)
    9.7 (9.1 to 10.4)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Postprandial plasma glucose (breakfast)

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    End point title
    Postprandial plasma glucose (breakfast)
    End point description
    Based on seven-point self-monitoring of blood glucose profiles.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    8.7 (7.6 to 9.9)
    9.9 (8.9 to 10.8)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Postprandial plasma glucose (lunch)

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    End point title
    Postprandial plasma glucose (lunch)
    End point description
    Based on seven-point self-monitoring of blood glucose profiles.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    8.9 (7.7 to 10.1)
    8.6 (7.6 to 9.6)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Postprandial plasma glucose (dinner)

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    End point title
    Postprandial plasma glucose (dinner)
    End point description
    Based on seven-point self-monitoring of blood glucose profiles.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: Mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    8.1 (6.9 to 9.4)
    9.7 (8.8 to 10.7)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Postprandial plasma glucose (incremental)

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    End point title
    Postprandial plasma glucose (incremental)
    End point description
    Based on seven-point self-monitoring of blood glucose profiles.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: Mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    0.4 (-0.6 to 1.4)
    0.5 (-0.3 to 1.3)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Self-reported hypoglycaemia level 1 (3.0–3.9 mmol/L)

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    End point title
    Self-reported hypoglycaemia level 1 (3.0–3.9 mmol/L)
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: incidence rate
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    0.9 (0.7 to 1.1)
    0.7 (0.6 to 0.9)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Self-reported hypoglycaemia level 2 (<3.0 mmol/L)

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    End point title
    Self-reported hypoglycaemia level 2 (<3.0 mmol/L)
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: Incidence rate
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    0.3 (0.2 to 0.4)
    0.2 (0.1 to 0.3)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Self-reported hypoglycaemia daytime (6:00 a.m.–midnight)

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    End point title
    Self-reported hypoglycaemia daytime (6:00 a.m.–midnight)
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: Incidence rate
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    1.1 (0.8 to 1.5)
    0.8 (0.6 to 1.1)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Self-reported hypoglycaemia nighttime (midnight–6:00 a.m.)

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    End point title
    Self-reported hypoglycaemia nighttime (midnight–6:00 a.m.)
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: Incidence rate
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    0.1 (0.0 to 0.1)
    0.1 (0.0 to 0.1)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Heart rate

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    End point title
    Heart rate
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: Beats/minute
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    74.4 (71.5 to 77.3)
    70.6 (67.9 to 73.2)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Blood pressure, systole

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    End point title
    Blood pressure, systole
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: mmHg
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    129.4 (125.3 to 133.5)
    128.1 (124.4 to 131.8)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Blood pressure, diastole

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    End point title
    Blood pressure, diastole
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: mmHg
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    80.6 (78.0 to 83.1)
    79.0 (76.8 to 81.3)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Ketones

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    End point title
    Ketones
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: Mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    0.24 (0.18 to 0.30)
    0.23 (0.18 to 0.29)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Amylase

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    End point title
    Amylase
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: Units/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    19.4 (16.7 to 22.2)
    15.6 (13.2 to 18.1)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Lipase

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    End point title
    Lipase
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: Units/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    32.4 (27.3 to 37.5)
    23.0 (18.4 to 27.5)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Total cholesterol

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    End point title
    Total cholesterol
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    4.05 (3.80 to 4.30)
    4.23 (4.01 to 4.46)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein

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    End point title
    Cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: Mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    1.34 (1.24 to 1.43)
    1.42 (1.34 to 1.51)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein

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    End point title
    Cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: Mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    2.34 (2.13 to 2.54)
    2.35 (2.16 to 2.54)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein

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    End point title
    Cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: Mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    0.38 (0.32 to 0.43)
    0.40 (0.35 to 0.45)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Triglycerides

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    End point title
    Triglycerides
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: Mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    0.82 (0.71 to 0.94)
    0.83 (0.72 to 0.94)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Urinary albumin creatinin ratio

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    End point title
    Urinary albumin creatinin ratio
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: mg/g
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    16.6 (5.3 to 28.0)
    10.0 (-0.5 to 20.5)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Prepandial plasma glucose (lunch)

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    End point title
    Prepandial plasma glucose (lunch)
    End point description
    Based on seven-point self-monitoring of blood glucose profiles.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    7.7 (6.7 to 8.7)
    8.2 (7.3 to 9.1)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Preprandial plasma glucose (dinner)

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    End point title
    Preprandial plasma glucose (dinner)
    End point description
    Based on seven-point self-monitoring of blood glucose profiles.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    9.2 (8.1 to 10.2)
    9.4 (8.4 to 10.3)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Bedtime plasma glucose

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    End point title
    Bedtime plasma glucose
    End point description
    Based on seven-point self-monitoring of blood glucose profiles.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    9.0 (7.9 to 10.1)
    10.3 (9.4 to 11.2)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Continuous glucose monitoring: mean glucose

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    End point title
    Continuous glucose monitoring: mean glucose
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    10.0 (9.5 to 10.5)
    9.9 (9.5 to 10.4)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Continuous glucose monitoring: standard deviation

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    End point title
    Continuous glucose monitoring: standard deviation
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    4.0 (3.7 to 4.3)
    3.9 (3.6 to 4.1)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Continuous glucose monitoring: coefficient of variance

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    End point title
    Continuous glucose monitoring: coefficient of variance
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: no unit
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    0.40 (0.38 to 0.42)
    0.39 (0.37 to 0.41)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Continuous glucose monitoring: hypoglycaemia level 1 (3.0 to 3.9 mmol/l)

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    End point title
    Continuous glucose monitoring: hypoglycaemia level 1 (3.0 to 3.9 mmol/l)
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: percentage of 24 hours
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    4.0 (3.0 to 5.1)
    3.4 (2.5 to 4.3)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Continuous glucose monitoring: hypoglycaemia level 2 (>3.0 mmol/l)

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    End point title
    Continuous glucose monitoring: hypoglycaemia level 2 (>3.0 mmol/l)
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: percentage of 24 hours
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    1.5 (0.7 to 2.3)
    1.3 (0.6 to 2.0)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Continuous glucose monitoring: Target glycaemia (4 to 10 mmol/l)

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    End point title
    Continuous glucose monitoring: Target glycaemia (4 to 10 mmol/l)
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: Percentage of 24 hours
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    50.0 (45.6 to 54.4)
    52.3 (48.4 to 56.3)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Continuous glucose monitoring: hyperglycaemia level 1 (> 10.0 mmol/l)

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    End point title
    Continuous glucose monitoring: hyperglycaemia level 1 (> 10.0 mmol/l)
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    44.4 (39.6 to 49.3)
    43.0 (38.7 to 47.3)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Continuous glucose monitoring: hyperglycaemia level 2 (> 13.9 mmol/)

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    End point title
    Continuous glucose monitoring: hyperglycaemia level 2 (> 13.9 mmol/)
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: Mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    18.7 (14.8 to 22.6)
    18.1 (14.6 to 21.6)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Continuous glucose monitoring: mean amplitude of glycaemic excursion

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    End point title
    Continuous glucose monitoring: mean amplitude of glycaemic excursion
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    8.5 (7.8 to 9.2)
    7.9 (7.2 to 8.5)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Continuous glucose monitoring: continuous overall net glycaemic action

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    End point title
    Continuous glucose monitoring: continuous overall net glycaemic action
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    9.2 (8.7 to 9.7)
    9.1 (8.7 to 9.6)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: C-peptide: area under the curve

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    End point title
    C-peptide: area under the curve
    End point description
    Based on arginine stimulation tests.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: pmol/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    925.8 (362.2 to 1489.5)
    1168.2 (638.1 to 1698.4)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: C-peptide: peak value

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    End point title
    C-peptide: peak value
    End point description
    Based on arginine stimulation tests.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: pmol/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    41.8 (14.3 to 69.3)
    56.9 (31.1 to 82.7)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: C-peptide: peak time

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    End point title
    C-peptide: peak time
    End point description
    Based on arginine stimulation tests.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: minutes
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    2.4 (1.6 to 3.3)
    2.3 (1.4 to 3.3)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: C-peptide: fasting level

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    End point title
    C-peptide: fasting level
    End point description
    Based on arginine stimulation tests.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: pmol/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    27.3 (10.7 to 43.8)
    33.3 (17.8 to 48.8)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Glucagon: area under the curve

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    End point title
    Glucagon: area under the curve
    End point description
    Based on arginine stimulation tests.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: pmol/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    544.1 (481.9 to 606.4)
    533.4 (478.4 to 588.4)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Glucagon: peak value

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    End point title
    Glucagon: peak value
    End point description
    Based on arginine stimulation tests.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: pmol/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    42.3 (37.3 to 47.3)
    40.7 (36.3 to 45.1)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Glucagon: peak time

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    End point title
    Glucagon: peak time
    End point description
    Based on arginine stimulation tests.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: minutes
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    2.6 (2.1 to 3.1)
    2.5 (2.1 to 3.0)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Glucagon: fasting level

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    End point title
    Glucagon: fasting level
    End point description
    Based on arginine stimulation tests.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: pmol/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    12.1 (10.3 to 13.9)
    10.7 (9.1 to 12.3)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Plasma glucose: area under the curve

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    End point title
    Plasma glucose: area under the curve
    End point description
    Based on arginine stimulation tests.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    352.2 (301.0 to 403.3)
    337.5 (293.7 to 381.3)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Plasma glucose: peak value

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    End point title
    Plasma glucose: peak value
    End point description
    Based on arginine stimulation tests.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    12.1 (10.4 to 13.8)
    11.5 (10.1 to 13.0)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Plasma glucose: peak time

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    End point title
    Plasma glucose: peak time
    End point description
    Based on arginine stimulation tests.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: minutes
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    9.4 (6.3 to 12.6)
    12.5 (9.8 to 15.2)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Plasma glucose: fasting level

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    End point title
    Plasma glucose: fasting level
    End point description
    Based on arginine stimulation tests.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: mmol/l
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    11.3 (9.5 to 13.0)
    10.8 (9.3 to 12.3)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: ADDQoL: item 1

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    End point title
    ADDQoL: item 1
    End point description
    Based on the Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality of Life questionnaire.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: no unit
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    1.6 (1.3 to 1.8)
    1.9 (1.7 to 2.1)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: ADQoL: item 2

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    End point title
    ADQoL: item 2
    End point description
    Based on the Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality of Life questionnaire.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: no unit
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    -0.9 (-1.2 to -0.6)
    -0.9 (-1.2 to -0.7)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: ADDQoL: mean average weighted impact

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    End point title
    ADDQoL: mean average weighted impact
    End point description
    Based on the Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality of Life questionnaire.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: no unit
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    -1.0 (-1.3 to -0.8)
    -1.2 (-1.4 to -0.9)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: DTSQs: item 1, 4–8

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    End point title
    DTSQs: item 1, 4–8
    End point description
    Based on the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire status version questionnaire.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: no unit
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    28.8 (27.2 to 30.4)
    28.7 (27.2 to 30.1)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: DTSQs: item 2

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    End point title
    DTSQs: item 2
    End point description
    Based on the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire status version questionnaire.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: no unit
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    2.8 (2.4 to 3.3)
    2.8 (2.4 to 3.2)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: DTSQs: item 3

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    End point title
    DTSQs: item 3
    End point description
    Based on the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire status version questionnaire.
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    26 weeks (end-of-treatment values)
    End point values
    Exenatide Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    52
    53
    Units: no unit
        arithmetic mean (confidence interval 95%)
    2.1 (1.7 to 2.5)
    2.1 (1.7 to 2.5)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Adverse events

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    Adverse events information
    Timeframe for reporting adverse events
    At week 26 (end-of-treatment)
    Adverse event reporting additional description
    Adverse events were subjectively reported events by the participants, as clinically assessed by the investigators (if possible, corroborated by medical records).
    Assessment type
    Systematic
    Dictionary used for adverse event reporting
    Dictionary name
    Patient-reported
    Dictionary version
    1
    Reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Exenatide
    Reporting group description
    -

    Reporting group title
    Placebo
    Reporting group description
    -

    Serious adverse events
    Exenatide Placebo
    Total subjects affected by serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 52 (3.85%)
    6 / 53 (11.32%)
         number of deaths (all causes)
    0
    0
         number of deaths resulting from adverse events
    0
    0
    Injury, poisoning and procedural complications
    Alcohol intoxication
    Additional description: Placebo group
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
    1 / 53 (1.89%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Drug intoxication
    Additional description: Placebo group, not related to study drug
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
    1 / 53 (1.89%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Vascular disorders
    Suspected acute coronary syndrome
    Additional description: Placebo group
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
    1 / 53 (1.89%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Minor stroke
    Additional description: Placebo group
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
    1 / 53 (1.89%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Surgical and medical procedures
    Inguinal hernia surgery
    Additional description: Exenatide group
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
    0 / 53 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Resection of residual abscess tissue
    Additional description: Exenatide group; follow-up prodecure to surgery prior to randomisation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
    0 / 53 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Removal of implantable loop recorder
    Additional description: Placebo group
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
    1 / 53 (1.89%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Infections and infestations
    Erysipelas,
    Additional description: Placebo group
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
    1 / 53 (1.89%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Frequency threshold for reporting non-serious adverse events: 1%
    Non-serious adverse events
    Exenatide Placebo
    Total subjects affected by non serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    49 / 52 (94.23%)
    46 / 53 (86.79%)
    General disorders and administration site conditions
    Fatigue
         subjects affected / exposed
    6 / 52 (11.54%)
    2 / 53 (3.77%)
         occurrences all number
    8
    2
    Other
    Additional description: Other adverse events were uniquely registered events of minor clinical importance and unrelated to study drug (not possible to classify by precise medical terms).
         subjects affected / exposed
    42 / 52 (80.77%)
    39 / 53 (73.58%)
         occurrences all number
    49
    49
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Nausea
         subjects affected / exposed
    40 / 52 (76.92%)
    9 / 53 (16.98%)
         occurrences all number
    48
    9
    Vomiting
         subjects affected / exposed
    12 / 52 (23.08%)
    0 / 53 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    12
    0
    Acid reflux or heartburn
         subjects affected / exposed
    10 / 52 (19.23%)
    0 / 53 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    10
    0
    Decreased appetite
         subjects affected / exposed
    12 / 52 (23.08%)
    3 / 53 (5.66%)
         occurrences all number
    14
    3
    Constipation
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 52 (5.77%)
    2 / 53 (3.77%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    2
    Diarrhoea
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
    6 / 53 (11.32%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    7
    Bloating
         subjects affected / exposed
    4 / 52 (7.69%)
    0 / 53 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    4
    0
    Endocrine disorders
    Severe hypoglycaemia
    Additional description: Not requiring hospital admission
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 52 (5.77%)
    2 / 53 (3.77%)
         occurrences all number
    4
    2
    Prolonged hypoglycaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
    1 / 53 (1.89%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Postprandial hypoglycaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
    0 / 53 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Lowered hypoglycaemia awareness
    Additional description: As perceived and reported by participant
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
    0 / 53 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
    Minor orthopaedic injuries
    Additional description: Not related to hypoglycaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 52 (5.77%)
    14 / 53 (26.42%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    16
    Infections and infestations
    Upper-airway infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    20 / 52 (38.46%)
    15 / 53 (28.30%)
         occurrences all number
    26
    24

    More information

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    Substantial protocol amendments (globally)

    Were there any global substantial amendments to the protocol? No

    Interruptions (globally)

    Were there any global interruptions to the trial? No

    Limitations and caveats

    Limitations of the trial such as small numbers of subjects analysed or technical problems leading to unreliable data.
    None reported

    Online references

    http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32135138
    http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29950475
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    As of 31 January 2023, all EU/EEA initial clinical trial applications must be submitted through CTIS . Updated EudraCT trials information and information on PIP/Art 46 trials conducted exclusively in third countries continues to be submitted through EudraCT and published on this website.

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