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    Clinical Trial Results:
    SPRING - Seizure PRophylaxis IN Glioma

    Summary
    EudraCT number
    2018-001312-30
    Trial protocol
    GB  
    Global end of trial date
    08 Sep 2023

    Results information
    Results version number
    v1(current)
    This version publication date
    23 Oct 2026
    First version publication date
    23 Oct 2026
    Other versions

    Trial information

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    Trial identification
    Sponsor protocol code
    Spring
    Additional study identifiers
    ISRCTN number
    -
    US NCT number
    -
    WHO universal trial number (UTN)
    -
    Sponsors
    Sponsor organisation name
    Public Health Scotland
    Sponsor organisation address
    Gyle Square, 1 South Gyle Crescent, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, EH12 9EB
    Public contact
    phs.researchoffice@phs.scot, Public Health Scotland, phs.researchoffice@phs.scot
    Scientific contact
    phs.researchoffice@phs.scot, Public Health Scotland, phs.researchoffice@phs.scot
    Paediatric regulatory details
    Is trial part of an agreed paediatric investigation plan (PIP)
    No
    Does article 45 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Does article 46 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Results analysis stage
    Analysis stage
    Final
    Date of interim/final analysis
    03 Nov 2023
    Is this the analysis of the primary completion data?
    Yes
    Primary completion date
    08 Sep 2023
    Global end of trial reached?
    Yes
    Global end of trial date
    08 Sep 2023
    Was the trial ended prematurely?
    Yes
    General information about the trial
    Main objective of the trial
    This aim of the study is to investigate whether use of levetiracetam before surgery will help to prevent patients with suspected brain tumours developing seizures after their surgery. The patients will have surgery planned and will have not experienced a seizure. We will give half of these patients current standard care (no anti-epileptic drug) and the other half will receive an anti epileptic drug called levetiracetam before surgery and for up to one year after to see if this drug will reduce their risk of having seizures. Using a drug in this manner is called prophylactic use.
    Protection of trial subjects
    TBC?
    Background therapy
    -
    Evidence for comparator
    -
    Actual start date of recruitment
    01 Mar 2019
    Long term follow-up planned
    No
    Independent data monitoring committee (IDMC) involvement?
    Yes
    Population of trial subjects
    Number of subjects enrolled per country
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    United Kingdom: 107
    Worldwide total number of subjects
    107
    EEA total number of subjects
    0
    Number of subjects enrolled per age group
    In utero
    0
    Preterm newborn - gestational age < 37 wk
    0
    Newborns (0-27 days)
    0
    Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    0
    Children (2-11 years)
    0
    Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0
    Adults (18-64 years)
    69
    From 65 to 84 years
    38
    85 years and over
    0

    Subject disposition

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    Recruitment
    Recruitment details
    -

    Pre-assignment
    Screening details
    107 patients screened. 5 found to be ineligible on ASM arm and 8 on no ASM arm. Withdrawn due to various reasons including already on ASM, patient withdrawal prior to surgery, consent issues and patient death prior to completion.

    Period 1
    Period 1 title
    Overall Trial (overall period)
    Is this the baseline period?
    Yes
    Allocation method
    Randomised - controlled
    Blinding used
    Not blinded

    Arms
    Are arms mutually exclusive
    Yes

    Arm title
    Anti-Seizure Medication
    Arm description
    Levetiracetam 500mg twice daily for 2 weeks, then increasing to 750mg twice daily thereafter for 1 year. Patients should have a minimum of 2 doses of 500mg prior to surgery. (In those with moderate chronic kidney disease stage 3 estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR 30-59 mL/min/1.73 m2) a starting dose of 250mg twice a day for 2 weeks, then increasing to 500mg twice a day thereafter).
    Arm type
    Experimental

    Investigational medicinal product name
    levetiracetam
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Tablet
    Routes of administration
    Oral use
    Dosage and administration details
    Levetiracetam will be taken orally twice a day at approximately the same times each day, spaced as close to 12 hours apart as possible. Patients with impaired renal function (CKD 3, eGFR 30-59 ml/min/1.73m2) will have a different dose schedule consistent with the European levetiracetam label. Normal treatment Randomisation-2 weeks 1 tablet of 500 mg AM 1 tablet of 500 mg PM Next 12 months 1 tablet of 500 mg + 1 tablet of 250 mg = 750 mg AM 1 tablet of 500 mg + 1 tablet of 250 mg = 750 mg PM Impaired Renal Function treatment Randomisation-2 weeks 1 tablet of 250 mg AM 1 tablet of 250 mg PM Next 12 months 1 tablet of 500 mg AM 1 tablet of 500 mg PM

    Arm title
    No ASM (standard care)
    Arm description
    no AED(anti-epileptic drug) treatment (standard care)
    Arm type
    No intervention

    Investigational medicinal product name
    No investigational medicinal product assigned in this arm
    Number of subjects in period 1
    Anti-Seizure Medication No ASM (standard care)
    Started
    54
    53
    Completed
    49
    45
    Not completed
    5
    8
         Adverse event, serious fatal
    -
    1
         Physician decision
    1
    -
         Withdrew prior to surgery
    2
    2
         Protocol deviation
    2
    5

    Baseline characteristics

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    Baseline characteristics reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Anti-Seizure Medication
    Reporting group description
    Levetiracetam 500mg twice daily for 2 weeks, then increasing to 750mg twice daily thereafter for 1 year. Patients should have a minimum of 2 doses of 500mg prior to surgery. (In those with moderate chronic kidney disease stage 3 estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR 30-59 mL/min/1.73 m2) a starting dose of 250mg twice a day for 2 weeks, then increasing to 500mg twice a day thereafter).

    Reporting group title
    No ASM (standard care)
    Reporting group description
    no AED(anti-epileptic drug) treatment (standard care)

    Reporting group values
    Anti-Seizure Medication No ASM (standard care) Total
    Number of subjects
    54 53 107
    Age categorical
    Units: Subjects
        Adults (18-64 years)
    34 35 69
        Adults (65-84 years)
    20 18 38
    Gender categorical
    Units: Subjects
        Female
    16 18 34
        Male
    38 35 73
    Subject analysis sets

    Subject analysis set title
    Analysis Population
    Subject analysis set type
    Modified intention-to-treat
    Subject analysis set description
    Patients randomised who completed the trial and survived to 12 months.

    Subject analysis sets values
    Analysis Population
    Number of subjects
    72
    Age categorical
    Units: Subjects
        Adults (18-64 years)
    52
        Adults (65-84 years)
    20
    Age continuous
    Units:
        
    ( )
    Gender categorical
    Units: Subjects
        Female
    25
        Male
    47

    End points

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    End points reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Anti-Seizure Medication
    Reporting group description
    Levetiracetam 500mg twice daily for 2 weeks, then increasing to 750mg twice daily thereafter for 1 year. Patients should have a minimum of 2 doses of 500mg prior to surgery. (In those with moderate chronic kidney disease stage 3 estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR 30-59 mL/min/1.73 m2) a starting dose of 250mg twice a day for 2 weeks, then increasing to 500mg twice a day thereafter).

    Reporting group title
    No ASM (standard care)
    Reporting group description
    no AED(anti-epileptic drug) treatment (standard care)

    Subject analysis set title
    Analysis Population
    Subject analysis set type
    Modified intention-to-treat
    Subject analysis set description
    Patients randomised who completed the trial and survived to 12 months.

    Primary: Seizure within 12 months

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    End point title
    Seizure within 12 months
    End point description
    We are interested in the occurrence of a seizure within one year of randomisation for patients in each arm of the study. This is a binary response variable, with patients either having a seizure or not having a seizure within one year of randomisation.
    End point type
    Primary
    End point timeframe
    Within one year of randomisation
    End point values
    Anti-Seizure Medication No ASM (standard care) Analysis Population
    Number of subjects analysed
    36
    36
    72
    Units: No of Patients having Seizure
        Yes
    17
    15
    32
        No
    19
    21
    40
    Statistical analysis title
    Logistic Regression Model
    Statistical analysis description
    We are interested in the occurrence of a seizure within one year of randomisation for patients in each arm of the study. This is a binary response variable, with patients either having a seizure or not having a seizure within one year of randomisation.
    Comparison groups
    Anti-Seizure Medication v No ASM (standard care)
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    72
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.64 [1]
    Method
    Regression, Logistic
    Parameter type
    Odds ratio (OR)
    Point estimate
    1.25
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    0.49
         upper limit
    3.21
    Variability estimate
    Standard deviation
    Notes
    [1] - Compared to a p-value of 0.05.

    Adverse events

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    Adverse events information
    Timeframe for reporting adverse events
    First patient randomised 06 December 2019 through to 30 days after last patient last visit (08 September 2023) to 9th October 2023.
    Assessment type
    Non-systematic
    Dictionary used for adverse event reporting
    Dictionary name
    MedDRA
    Dictionary version
    29.0
    Reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    ASM (Study Drug)
    Reporting group description
    Levetiracetam 500mg twice daily for 2 weeks, then increasing to 750mg twice daily thereafter for 1 year. Patients should have a minimum of 2 doses of 500mg prior to surgery. (In those with moderate chronic kidney disease stage 3 estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR 30-59 mL/min/1.73 m2) a starting dose of 250mg twice a day for 2 weeks, then increasing to 500mg twice a day thereafter).

    Reporting group title
    No ASM (standard care)
    Reporting group description
    no AED(anti-epileptic drug) treatment (standard care)

    Serious adverse events
    ASM (Study Drug) No ASM (standard care)
    Total subjects affected by serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    11 / 52 (21.15%)
    12 / 51 (23.53%)
         number of deaths (all causes)
    27
    25
         number of deaths resulting from adverse events
    0
    0
    Investigations
    Platelet count decreased
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
    1 / 51 (1.96%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Blood potassium decreased
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
    0 / 51 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Blood glucose increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
    0 / 51 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Injury, poisoning and procedural complications
    Hip fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
    1 / 51 (1.96%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Deep vein thrombosis postoperative
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
    0 / 51 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Vascular disorders
    Embolism
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
    1 / 51 (1.96%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Cardiac disorders
    Cardiac failure chronic
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
    1 / 51 (1.96%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Nervous system disorders
    Haemorrhage intracranial
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
    2 / 51 (3.92%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Abdominal pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
    1 / 51 (1.96%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Gastrointestinal perforation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
    0 / 51 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Nausea
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
    1 / 51 (1.96%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Diarrhoea
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
    0 / 51 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hepatobiliary disorders
    Cholecystitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
    0 / 51 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    Pulmonary embolism
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
    0 / 51 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Dyspnoea
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
    1 / 51 (1.96%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Respiratory distress
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
    1 / 51 (1.96%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Psychiatric disorders
    Confusional state
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
    1 / 51 (1.96%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Delirium
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
    1 / 51 (1.96%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Infections and infestations
    Cellulitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
    0 / 51 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Neutropenic sepsis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
    0 / 51 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Skin infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
    0 / 51 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Wound infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
    0 / 51 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Pneumonia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
    1 / 51 (1.96%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Device related infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
    1 / 51 (1.96%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Influenza
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
    1 / 51 (1.96%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Metabolism and nutrition disorders
    Hypercalcaemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
    1 / 51 (1.96%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Frequency threshold for reporting non-serious adverse events: 5%
    Non-serious adverse events
    ASM (Study Drug) No ASM (standard care)
    Total subjects affected by non serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    33 / 52 (63.46%)
    32 / 51 (62.75%)
    Surgical and medical procedures
    Hospitalisation
    Additional description: Modified Safety reporting for Elective hospitalisation for any surgery for brain cancer or its complications and Elective hospitalisation for pre-existing conditions (not exacerbated by trial treatment).
         subjects affected / exposed
    4 / 52 (7.69%)
    5 / 51 (9.80%)
         occurrences all number
    5
    6
    Nervous system disorders
    Seizure
    Additional description: Modified safety reporting for seizure.
         subjects affected / exposed
    15 / 52 (28.85%)
    12 / 51 (23.53%)
         occurrences all number
    33
    24
    General disorders and administration site conditions
    Disease progression
    Additional description: Modified safety reporting for Progressive neurological deficit.
         subjects affected / exposed
    5 / 52 (9.62%)
    6 / 51 (11.76%)
         occurrences all number
    6
    6
    Death
    Additional description: Modified safety reporting for death due to disease progression.
         subjects affected / exposed
    25 / 52 (48.08%)
    22 / 51 (43.14%)
         occurrences all number
    25
    22
    Psychiatric disorders
    Mental status changes
    Additional description: Modified safety reporting for Reported change in memory/mood/personality/fatigue.
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 52 (5.77%)
    2 / 51 (3.92%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    2

    More information

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    Substantial protocol amendments (globally)

    Were there any global substantial amendments to the protocol? Yes
    Date
    Amendment
    15 May 2015
    The following changes were requested: 1) Incorporation into the protocol that should a patient lose capacity throughout the trial, they will be given the opportunity to remain the trial. 2) Reformatting of some sections within the protocol 3) Addition of Section 1.5 (Disease Progression) – incorporation of allowing participants to stay in the study should they lose capacity after consenting 4) More detailed description of LAEP and EQ-5D-5L (Section 2.5) 5) Addition of PHQ9 questionnaire which is used as a screening tool for depressive symptoms. This was a recommendation from the MHRA following their protocol review (Section 2.5). The protocol has also been updated to remove patients with severe depression as defined by a PHQ-9 score of 20+ 6) Addition of Cognitive/capacity monitoring section (Section 2.6) 7) Addition of Treatment Breaks section (Section 4.4)
    29 May 2019
    This amendment encompasses the following: Addition of sites and PIs: 1) Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust – PI - Dr Maxine Flubacher 2) Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust – PI - Dr Yogeshkumar Nishchal 3) The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust - PI - Dr Shaveta Mehta 4) South Tees Hospitals NHS Trust – PI - Dr KS Manjunath Prasad Change of PI: 5) The Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust - Mr Ryan Mathew Furthermore, there have been some minor updates to the protocol including: 1) KEY CONTACTS - Removal of Kirsten Murray as Senior Trial Coordinator 2) Section 5.3 – Modified Safety Reporting section has been updated to provide further clarification 3) Section 7.3.5 – (2 - 2) Assessment of utility associated with seizures) has been updated to clarify the analysis that will be performed 4) Appendix 3 – References have been updated where appropriate
    09 Mar 2020
    Addition of new sites: Pietro D'Urso Salford Royal Hospital, Stott Lane, Salford, M6 8HD Isaac Phang Royal Preston Hospital, Sharoe Green Lane, Preston, PR2 9HT Puneet Plaha John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU Patrick Mitchell Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP
    07 Apr 2020
    Summary of changes 1. SmPC 14 March 2019 - Section 4.8 Undesirable Effects: A new adverse reaction of gait disturbance has been added to the list of Nervous System Disorders, affecting between 1 in 1000 and 1 in 10000 people. 2. SmPC 01 April 2019 - Section 4.8 Undesirable Effects: A new adverse reaction of delirium has been added to the list of Psychiatric Disorders, affecting between 1 in 1000 and 1 in 10000 people. 3. SmPC 01 April 2019 - Section 4.8 Undesirable Effects: A new adverse reaction of encephalopathy has been added to the list of Nervous System Disorders, affecting between 1 in 1000 and 1 in 10000 people. 4. SmPC 04 October 2019 - Section 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use of Keppra has been updated to include abnormal thoughts, feeling irritable or reacting more aggressively than usual or if patient or family or friends notice important changes in mood or behaviour. The protocol and PIS have been updated to reflect these changes to the SmPC. Amendments to section 4.8 of the SmPC has resulted in amendments to the protocol and the PIS. (
    18 Jun 2020
    Sponsorship of the SRING trial has transferred from the Common Services Agency to Public Health Scotland on 01 April 2020. This is due to the formal transfer of the staff and functions responsible for overseeing sponsorship and research governance of clinical trials managed by the Scottish Clinical Trials Research Unit, transferring to Public Health Scotland.
    30 Jun 2020
    This substantial amendment has been created in order to:1. Bring all documentation in line with the change to Sponsor in substantial amendment 062. Remove pregnancy testing for IMP patients at follow up, justification for this is covered within the covering letter3. Enable a 2 step consent process to allow patients additional time for consideration and to minimise requirement for hospital visits4. Allow nominated patient Carers to collect IMP, in the event that patients may be shielding or are too unwell to collect their IMP. 5. Add collection of data for the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to capture any COVID-19 related effect on the analysis. 6. Amend PHQ-9 withdrawal and exclusion criteria from 20+ to ≥20 in order to improve clarity
    03 Mar 2021
    Addition of a new site: Principal Investigator: Mr Andrew McEvoy Site Name: National Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery Address: National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery, Queen SquareLondon, WC1N 3BG
    25 May 2021
    Updated SmPC documents are included for the IMP.The protocol has been updated in line with changes to the Reference Safety Information; QT prolongation and aggravated seizures have been added to the rare side effects. As such post randomisation ECG has been introduced for patients on the IMP arm. Patients that have QT prolongation will not start IMP. In addition the protocol has other changes:1.Introduction of Standard Gamble exercise within Health Economics2.Electronic patient reported outcomes to help reduce the burden for patients3.Other minor changes to improve clarity for sites. The Patient Information sheet has been redesigned based on patient feedback and to help simplify information. Patient documentation updated in line with the changes above.
    19 Jan 2022
    This amendment is to update the reference safety information (RSI), section 4.8 of the SmPC, to add wording regarding predisposition of Neuroleptic Malignant syndrome in the the Japanese population. This is not a contraindication but rather, something clinicians are to be aware of.
    04 Nov 2022
    This amendment is to update the Carer information sheet and consent form. Carers will be given the option to provide their email address in order to complete Quality of Life questionnaires online. This was omitted in error in the submission of substantial amendment 09.
    11 Apr 2023
    This amendment is to notify of the change of Chief Investigator from Dr Robert Grant to Professor Michael Jenkinson, as Dr Grant is retiring.
    12 Jul 2023
    This amendment is to notify of the early closure of the SPRING trial due to the early withdrawal of funding.

    Interruptions (globally)

    Were there any global interruptions to the trial? No

    Limitations and caveats

    Limitations of the trial such as small numbers of subjects analysed or technical problems leading to unreliable data.
    None reported

    Online references

    http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/42111024
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