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    Clinical Trial Results:
    IMMULAB – A phase II trial of immunotherapy with pembrolizumab in combination with local ablation for patients with early stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

    Summary
    EudraCT number
    2018-001381-42
    Trial protocol
    DE  
    Global end of trial date
    30 Apr 2024

    Results information
    Results version number
    v1(current)
    This version publication date
    15 Jun 2025
    First version publication date
    15 Jun 2025
    Other versions

    Trial information

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    Trial identification
    Sponsor protocol code
    IMMULAB
    Additional study identifiers
    ISRCTN number
    -
    US NCT number
    -
    WHO universal trial number (UTN)
    -
    Other trial identifiers
    AIO STUDY NUMBER: AIO-HEP-0417/ass
    Sponsors
    Sponsor organisation name
    Frankfurter Institut für Klinische Krebsforschung IKF GmbH
    Sponsor organisation address
    Steinbacher Hohl 2-26, Frankfurt, Germany, 60488
    Public contact
    Frankfurter Institut für Klinische Krebsforschung IKF GmbH, Frankfurter Institut für Klinische Krebsforschung IKF GmbH, +49 69 5899 787 19, immulab@ikf-khnw.de
    Scientific contact
    Frankfurter Institut für Klinische Krebsforschung IKF GmbH, Frankfurter Institut für Klinische Krebsforschung IKF GmbH, +49 69 5899 787 19, immulab@ikf-khnw.de
    Paediatric regulatory details
    Is trial part of an agreed paediatric investigation plan (PIP)
    No
    Does article 45 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Does article 46 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Results analysis stage
    Analysis stage
    Final
    Date of interim/final analysis
    28 Feb 2025
    Is this the analysis of the primary completion data?
    Yes
    Primary completion date
    30 Apr 2024
    Global end of trial reached?
    Yes
    Global end of trial date
    30 Apr 2024
    Was the trial ended prematurely?
    No
    General information about the trial
    Main objective of the trial
    The main objective of this trial was evaluate the objective response rate (ORR) according to RECIST 1.1 criteria after two cycles of treatment with pembrolizumab before conducting radiofrequency ablation (RFA), microwave ablation (MWA), or brachytherapy with or without combination of TACE to assess if this will allow conversion / downstaging of borderline candidates for local ablation. Secondary objectives were the evaluation of time to recurrence (TTR), recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS), as well as safety and tolerability of peri-interventional treatment with pembrolizumab followed by RFA, MWA, or brachytherapy with or without combination of TACE .
    Protection of trial subjects
    This clinical study was designed, implemented and reported in accordance with the protocol, the AMG (Arzneimittelgesetz), the ICH Harmonized Tripartite Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice, with applicable local regulations (including European Directive 2001/20/EC), and with the ethical principles laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki. The trial was authorized/approved by the competent authority (Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, PEI) and the competent ethics committee responsible for the trial (“federführende Ethikkommission”). Before recruitment into the clinical trial, each patient was informed that participation in the study is completely voluntary, and that he or she could withdraw their participation in the trial at any time without any declaration of reasons, which would not lead to any disadvantage for the respective patient. The eligibility of a new patient was determined by the local investigator during regular clinical visits. The examinations for the study and the inclusion of the patient were done after detailed written and oral education about aims, methods, anticipated benefits and potential hazards of the study by use of the informed consent forms and after given written consent of the patient. Safety was monitored continuously by careful monitoring of all adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs) reported.
    Background therapy
    -
    Evidence for comparator
    -
    Actual start date of recruitment
    09 May 2019
    Long term follow-up planned
    No
    Independent data monitoring committee (IDMC) involvement?
    Yes
    Population of trial subjects
    Number of subjects enrolled per country
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Germany: 30
    Worldwide total number of subjects
    30
    EEA total number of subjects
    30
    Number of subjects enrolled per age group
    In utero
    0
    Preterm newborn - gestational age < 37 wk
    0
    Newborns (0-27 days)
    0
    Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    0
    Children (2-11 years)
    0
    Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0
    Adults (18-64 years)
    11
    From 65 to 84 years
    19
    85 years and over
    0

    Subject disposition

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    Recruitment
    Recruitment details
    30 patients were planned to be recruited into this trial. The recruitment period was from Juli 2019 to November 2021 in 9 centers. 35 patients were screened, 30 were enrolled.

    Pre-assignment
    Screening details
    Eligible patients had histol. confirmed HCC diagnosis (Child Pugh A) with indication for local ablation via RFA, MWA, brachytherapy with/without TACE, incl. high-risk patients (defined as having ≤ 5 tumor nodules with diameters ≤ 7cm [longest axis] each OR vascular infiltration), and with tumor tissue available for central pathological examination

    Period 1
    Period 1 title
    overall trial (overall period)
    Is this the baseline period?
    Yes
    Allocation method
    Not applicable
    Blinding used
    Not blinded

    Arms
    Arm title
    Experimental Arm
    Arm description
    In this single arm study, all patients received pembrolizumab (200 mg, IV, Q3W on day 1 of cycle 1 and 2) followed by local ablation via RFA, MWA, brachytherapy with/without TACE performed on day 1 of cycle 3 followed by pembrolizumab (200 mg IV, administered 2 days after local ablation, then Q3W for up to 12 months total treatment duration)
    Arm type
    Experimental

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Pembrolizumab
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Keytruda, L01FF02
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Concentrate for solution for injection
    Routes of administration
    Infusion , Intravenous use
    Dosage and administration details
    200 mg, IV, Q3W on day 1 of each cycle. Exception: at cycle 3, administered 2 days after local ablation

    Number of subjects in period 1
    Experimental Arm
    Started
    30
    Completed
    11
    Not completed
    19
         Unrelated medical illness or complication
    1
         Consent withdrawn by subject
    2
         Physician decision
    3
         Disease progression
    8
         Death
    2
         Unacceptable toxicity
    3

    Baseline characteristics

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    Baseline characteristics reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Experimental Arm
    Reporting group description
    In this single arm study, all patients received pembrolizumab (200 mg, IV, Q3W on day 1 of cycle 1 and 2) followed by local ablation via RFA, MWA, brachytherapy with/without TACE performed on day 1 of cycle 3 followed by pembrolizumab (200 mg IV, administered 2 days after local ablation, then Q3W for up to 12 months total treatment duration)

    Reporting group values
    Experimental Arm Total
    Number of subjects
    30 30
    Age categorical
    Units: Subjects
        In utero
    0 0
        Preterm newborn infants (gestational age < 37 wks)
    0 0
        Newborns (0-27 days)
    0 0
        Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    0 0
        Children (2-11 years)
    0 0
        Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0 0
        Adults (18-64 years)
    11 11
        From 65-84 years
    19 19
        85 years and over
    0 0
    Age continuous
    Units: years
        median (full range (min-max))
    70 (40 to 80) -
    Gender categorical
    Units: Subjects
        Female
    8 8
        Male
    22 22
    ECOG
    Units: Subjects
        ECOG PS 0
    27 27
        ECOG PS 1
    3 3
    Child-Pugh classification score
    Units: Subjects
        Score 5
    25 25
        Score 6
    5 5
    Tumor histology
    Units: Subjects
        Trabecular
    10 10
        Pseudoglandular
    1 1
        Solid
    10 10
        Other
    7 7
        Unknown
    2 2
    BCLC (Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer) stage
    Units: Subjects
        Stage 0
    2 2
        Stage A
    15 15
        Stage B
    11 11
        Stage C
    2 2
    T stage
    Units: Subjects
        T1a/b
    16 16
        T2
    11 11
        T3/3a
    3 3
    N stage
    Units: Subjects
        Nx
    2 2
        N0
    28 28
    M stage
    Units: Subjects
        M1
    1 1
        M0
    29 29
    Histopathological grade
    Units: Subjects
        Gx
    7 7
        G1
    3 3
        G2
    15 15
        G3
    5 5
    Has HCC advanced since initial diagnosis
    Units: Subjects
        Yes
    15 15
        No
    15 15
    Previous treatment for HCC
    Units: Subjects
        Yes
    16 16
        No
    14 14
    BMI
    Units: BMI
        median (full range (min-max))
    28 (20 to 40) -
    ALBI score
    Units: ALBI score
        median (full range (min-max))
    -2.8 (-3.8 to -1.6) -
    Number of target lesions
    Units: countable unit(s)
        median (full range (min-max))
    1 (1 to 2) -

    End points

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    End points reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Experimental Arm
    Reporting group description
    In this single arm study, all patients received pembrolizumab (200 mg, IV, Q3W on day 1 of cycle 1 and 2) followed by local ablation via RFA, MWA, brachytherapy with/without TACE performed on day 1 of cycle 3 followed by pembrolizumab (200 mg IV, administered 2 days after local ablation, then Q3W for up to 12 months total treatment duration)

    Primary: Objective response rate (ORR)

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    End point title
    Objective response rate (ORR) [1]
    End point description
    ORR, defined as achieving complete response (CR) or patial response (PR) according to RECIST 1.1 criteria (measured after two cycles of treatment, but before RFA, MWA, brachytherapy or combination of TACE with RFA, MWA or brachytherapy, compared to baseline)
    End point type
    Primary
    End point timeframe
    from baseline to 6-8 weeks after first treatment
    Notes
    [1] - No statistical analyses have been specified for this primary end point. It is expected there is at least one statistical analysis for each primary end point.
    Justification: Due to the explorative nature of this trial and the small number of patients only descriptive statistics was performed.
    End point values
    Experimental Arm
    Number of subjects analysed
    30
    Units: Subject
        Yes
    4
        No
    26
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Time to recurrence (TTR)

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    End point title
    Time to recurrence (TTR)
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    from enrollment to end of study
    End point values
    Experimental Arm
    Number of subjects analysed
    30
    Units: months
        median (confidence interval 95%)
    16.4 (8.31 to 99999)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Recurrence-free survival (RFS)

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    End point title
    Recurrence-free survival (RFS)
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    from enrollment to end of study
    End point values
    Experimental Arm
    Number of subjects analysed
    30
    Units: month
        median (confidence interval 95%)
    12.4 (2.99 to 99999)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: Overall survival (OS)

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    End point title
    Overall survival (OS)
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    from enrollment to end of study
    End point values
    Experimental Arm
    Number of subjects analysed
    30
    Units: month
        median (confidence interval 95%)
    99999 (99999 to 99999)
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: 2-year OS rate

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    End point title
    2-year OS rate
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    from enrollment to end of study
    End point values
    Experimental Arm
    Number of subjects analysed
    30
    Units: %
    76
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: 3-year OS rate

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    End point title
    3-year OS rate
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    from enrollment to end of study
    End point values
    Experimental Arm
    Number of subjects analysed
    30
    Units: %
    66
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Secondary: 4-year OS rate

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    End point title
    4-year OS rate
    End point description
    End point type
    Secondary
    End point timeframe
    from enrollment to end of study
    End point values
    Experimental Arm
    Number of subjects analysed
    30
    Units: %
    56
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Adverse events

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    Adverse events information
    Timeframe for reporting adverse events
    Patients were closely monitored for adverse events (AEs) from date of inclusion until at least 30 days after last dose of study treatment for AEs, and for at least 110 days for serious AEs, events of clinical interest, and pembrolizumab-associated AEs
    Assessment type
    Systematic
    Dictionary used for adverse event reporting
    Dictionary name
    CTCAE
    Dictionary version
    4.03
    Reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Experimental Arm
    Reporting group description
    -

    Serious adverse events
    Experimental Arm
    Total subjects affected by serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    14 / 30 (46.67%)
         number of deaths (all causes)
    11
         number of deaths resulting from adverse events
    4
    Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps)
    Other, specify
    Additional description: following MWA unchanged vital HCC lesion S 5
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Vascular disorders
    Thromboembolic event
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Surgical and medical procedures
    Other, specify
    Additional description: Sedation during ERCP
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    General disorders and administration site conditions
    Other, specify
    Additional description: Worsening of general condition
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    Dyspnea
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Investigations
    Alanine aminotransferase increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Blood bilirubin increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Cardiac disorders
    Myocardial infarction
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Nervous system disorders
    Encephalopathy
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 3
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Blood and lymphatic system disorders
    Anemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Abdominal pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Ascites
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Colonic obstruction
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Colonic perforation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Esophageal hemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Gastric hemorrhage
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    Other, specify
    Additional description: Varices ligature
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Hepatobiliary disorders
    Hepatic failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    2 / 2
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    Portal vein thrombosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
    Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Renal and urinary disorders
    Acute kidney injury
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 30 (10.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    2 / 4
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Chronic kidney disease
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Renal colic
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Infections and infestations
    Abdominal infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Enterocolitis infectious
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Sepsis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    Metabolism and nutrition disorders
    Dehydration
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 30 (3.33%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    Frequency threshold for reporting non-serious adverse events: 5%
    Non-serious adverse events
    Experimental Arm
    Total subjects affected by non serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    28 / 30 (93.33%)
    Vascular disorders
    Hypertension
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    Thromboembolic event
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    General disorders and administration site conditions
    Edema limbs
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 30 (10.00%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    Fatigue
         subjects affected / exposed
    8 / 30 (26.67%)
         occurrences all number
    8
    Flu like symptoms
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    Localized edema
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    Pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 30 (10.00%)
         occurrences all number
    4
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    Cough
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    Dyspnea
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    Investigations
    Alanine aminotransferase increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    6 / 30 (20.00%)
         occurrences all number
    6
    Aspartate aminotransferase increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    7 / 30 (23.33%)
         occurrences all number
    7
    Blood bilirubin increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    6 / 30 (20.00%)
         occurrences all number
    8
    Platelet count decreased
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 30 (10.00%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    Nervous system disorders
    Encephalopathy
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences all number
    4
    Headache
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    Blood and lymphatic system disorders
    Anemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Abdominal pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    7 / 30 (23.33%)
         occurrences all number
    7
    Ascites
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 30 (10.00%)
         occurrences all number
    4
    Colitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    Diarrhea
         subjects affected / exposed
    4 / 30 (13.33%)
         occurrences all number
    5
    Dry mouth
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 30 (10.00%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    Gastritis
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    Gastroesophageal reflux disease
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    Mucositis oral
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    Hepatobiliary disorders
    Hepatic failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    Portal vein thrombosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
    Pruritus
         subjects affected / exposed
    8 / 30 (26.67%)
         occurrences all number
    8
    Renal and urinary disorders
    Acute kidney injury
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 30 (10.00%)
         occurrences all number
    4
    Endocrine disorders
    Hyperthyroidism
         subjects affected / exposed
    6 / 30 (20.00%)
         occurrences all number
    6
    Hypothyroidism
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 30 (10.00%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
    Arthritis
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    Infections and infestations
    Bronchial infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    Metabolism and nutrition disorders
    Anorexia
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    Hyperglycemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 30 (10.00%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    Hyponatremia
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 30 (6.67%)
         occurrences all number
    2

    More information

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    Substantial protocol amendments (globally)

    Were there any global substantial amendments to the protocol? Yes
    Date
    Amendment
    23 May 2019
    Main changes of the study protocol: • “Patients with child-pugh classification score ≤ 6, including high risk candidates for local ablation (defined as patient is having ≤ 5 tumor nodules with diameters ≤ 5cm [longest axis] each OR patient with vascular infiltration) will be included in the study” • Inclusion criterion #4: “High risk patient, i.e. presence of ≤ 5 tumor nodules with diameters ≤ 5cm [longest axis] each OR vascular infiltration” – IEC: 03 Jul 2019, PEI: 13 Jun 2019
    12 Feb 2020
    Main change: Expansion of local ablation options to include brachytherapy as well as the possibility of combining local ablation with TACE

    Interruptions (globally)

    Were there any global interruptions to the trial? No

    Limitations and caveats

    Limitations of the trial such as small numbers of subjects analysed or technical problems leading to unreliable data.
    None reported
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