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    Clinical Trial Results:
    The clinical effectiveness and cost effectiveness of clozapine for inpatients with borderline personality disorder: randomised controlled trial

    Summary
    EudraCT number
    2018-002471-18
    Trial protocol
    GB  
    Global end of trial date
    22 Jul 2021

    Results information
    Results version number
    v1(current)
    This version publication date
    18 Apr 2022
    First version publication date
    18 Apr 2022
    Other versions

    Trial information

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    Trial identification
    Sponsor protocol code
    CALMED v9.0
    Additional study identifiers
    ISRCTN number
    ISRCTN18352058
    US NCT number
    -
    WHO universal trial number (UTN)
    -
    Sponsors
    Sponsor organisation name
    Imperial College London
    Sponsor organisation address
    South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2AZ
    Public contact
    Mike Crawford, Imperial College London, 44 2083834161, m.crawford@imperial.ac.uk
    Scientific contact
    Mike Crawford, Imperial College London, 44 2083834161, m.crawford@imperial.ac.uk
    Paediatric regulatory details
    Is trial part of an agreed paediatric investigation plan (PIP)
    No
    Does article 45 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Does article 46 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Results analysis stage
    Analysis stage
    Final
    Date of interim/final analysis
    04 Oct 2021
    Is this the analysis of the primary completion data?
    Yes
    Primary completion date
    22 Jul 2021
    Global end of trial reached?
    Yes
    Global end of trial date
    22 Jul 2021
    Was the trial ended prematurely?
    Yes
    General information about the trial
    Main objective of the trial
    For people receiving inpatient treatment for borderline personality disorder who have not responded well to usual care (including at least three months taking another antipsychotic drug), to determine whether the addition of clozapine to their usual care lead to improved mental health six months later, compared to adding a placebo to their usual care?
    Protection of trial subjects
    Thorough monitoring of adverse events and participant wellbeing occurred as part of the assessment process. During assessment and testing breaks were provided to minimise possible fatigue or stress, and if indicated, the assessment were spread over more than one visit. We and others including independent oversight committees regularly appraised the study, including undertaking a review of known safety information about clozapine. Where necessary changes were made to the protocol in response to this oversight.
    Background therapy
    -
    Evidence for comparator
    -
    Actual start date of recruitment
    01 May 2019
    Long term follow-up planned
    No
    Independent data monitoring committee (IDMC) involvement?
    Yes
    Population of trial subjects
    Number of subjects enrolled per country
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    United Kingdom: 29
    Worldwide total number of subjects
    29
    EEA total number of subjects
    0
    Number of subjects enrolled per age group
    In utero
    0
    Preterm newborn - gestational age < 37 wk
    0
    Newborns (0-27 days)
    0
    Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    0
    Children (2-11 years)
    0
    Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0
    Adults (18-64 years)
    29
    From 65 to 84 years
    0
    85 years and over
    0

    Subject disposition

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    Recruitment
    Recruitment details
    Participants were recruited via NHS organisations in England from 11 Sept 2019 to 04 March 2021.

    Pre-assignment
    Screening details
    Excluded if a) Current diagnosis of schizophrenia/bipolar I; b) Prescribed clozapine in previous 2 weeks; c) pregnant, trying to conceive, breastfeeding, not using birth control; d) Contraindication to clozapine; e) Due to be discharged within 2 weeks; f) unable to speak English; g) lacks capacity to consent; h) unable to have regular blood tests

    Period 1
    Period 1 title
    overall trial (overall period)
    Is this the baseline period?
    Yes
    Allocation method
    Randomised - controlled
    Blinding used
    Double blind
    Roles blinded
    Subject, Investigator, Monitor, Data analyst, Assessor

    Arms
    Are arms mutually exclusive
    Yes

    Arm title
    clozapine
    Arm description
    -
    Arm type
    Experimental

    Investigational medicinal product name
    clozapine
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Capsule
    Routes of administration
    Oral use
    Dosage and administration details
    A flexible dosing regimen with dosing starting with 12.5 mg once daily and titrated to 300mg over a 15-day period. Study participants may be prescribed a dose of up to 400mg of clozapine daily, depending on clinical response, patient preference and side effects. The dose could be maintained at or reduced to a lower dose at any time.

    Arm title
    placebo
    Arm description
    -
    Arm type
    Placebo

    Investigational medicinal product name
    placebo
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Capsule
    Routes of administration
    Oral use
    Dosage and administration details
    A flexible dosing regimen of placebo as if clozapine. Dosing started with one capsule once daily and was titrated to four capsules over a 15-day period. Study participants could be prescribed a dose of capsules up to that comparable to 400mg of clozapine daily, depending on clinical response, patient preference and side effects. The dose could be maintained at or reduced to a lower dose at any time.

    Number of subjects in period 1
    clozapine placebo
    Started
    15
    14
    Completed
    14
    10
    Not completed
    1
    4
         Lost to follow-up
    1
    4

    Baseline characteristics

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    Baseline characteristics reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    clozapine
    Reporting group description
    -

    Reporting group title
    placebo
    Reporting group description
    -

    Reporting group values
    clozapine placebo Total
    Number of subjects
    15 14 29
    Age categorical
    Units: Subjects
    Age continuous
    Units: years
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    28 ± 7.54 33 ± 11.25 -
    Gender categorical
    Units: Subjects
        Female
    11 11 22
        Male
    4 3 7
    ZAN-BPD baseline
    Units: scale score
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    20.9 ± 7.21 18.8 ± 6.93 -

    End points

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    End points reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    clozapine
    Reporting group description
    -

    Reporting group title
    placebo
    Reporting group description
    -

    Primary: ZAN-BPD

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    End point title
    ZAN-BPD [1]
    End point description
    Scores adjusted for baseline, allocation group and site.
    End point type
    Primary
    End point timeframe
    six month follow up
    Notes
    [1] - No statistical analyses have been specified for this primary end point. It is expected there is at least one statistical analysis for each primary end point.
    Justification: Statistical analysis is not presented due to the small sample of participants recruited and followed up. Any analysis on such small numbers would lack statistical power and be inappropriate to present.
    End point values
    clozapine placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    15
    11
    Units: scale score
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    9.7 ± 2.38
    13.5 ± 2.92
    No statistical analyses for this end point

    Adverse events

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    Adverse events information
    Timeframe for reporting adverse events
    There were participants in the trial between 11 Sept 2019 and 22 Sept 2021
    Assessment type
    Non-systematic
    Dictionary used for adverse event reporting
    Dictionary name
    MedDRA
    Dictionary version
    24.1
    Reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    clozapine
    Reporting group description
    -

    Reporting group title
    placebo
    Reporting group description
    -

    Serious adverse events
    clozapine placebo
    Total subjects affected by serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 15 (13.33%)
    4 / 11 (36.36%)
         number of deaths (all causes)
    0
    0
         number of deaths resulting from adverse events
    Injury, poisoning and procedural complications
    Intentional overdose
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 15 (0.00%)
    1 / 11 (9.09%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Immune system disorders
    Sarcoidosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Psychiatric disorders
    Abnormal behaviour
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 15 (0.00%)
    1 / 11 (9.09%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Intentional overdose
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    1 / 11 (9.09%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 4
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Intentional self-injury
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    1 / 11 (9.09%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Personality change
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 15 (0.00%)
    1 / 11 (9.09%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Suicide attempt
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 15 (0.00%)
    1 / 11 (9.09%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Infections and infestations
    Sepsis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Frequency threshold for reporting non-serious adverse events: 5%
    Non-serious adverse events
    clozapine placebo
    Total subjects affected by non serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    14 / 15 (93.33%)
    6 / 11 (54.55%)
    Vascular disorders
    Varicose vein
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Surgical and medical procedures
    Cerumen removal
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 15 (0.00%)
    1 / 11 (9.09%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    General disorders and administration site conditions
    Asthenia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Chest discomfort
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Chest pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 15 (13.33%)
    1 / 11 (9.09%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    1
    Fatigue
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 15 (20.00%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    0
    Hyperthermia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    0
    Malaise
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 15 (13.33%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Immune system disorders
    Anaphylactic reaction
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    Cough
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Hypoxia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Oropharyngeal pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 15 (13.33%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    0
    Psychiatric disorders
    Aggression
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 15 (0.00%)
    1 / 11 (9.09%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Anger
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 15 (0.00%)
    1 / 11 (9.09%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    3
    Anxiety
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    1 / 11 (9.09%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Disorientation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Drug withdrawal syndrome
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Emotional distress
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Fear of weight gain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Hallucination, auditory
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 15 (0.00%)
    1 / 11 (9.09%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Head banging
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 15 (13.33%)
    1 / 11 (9.09%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    1
    Intentional overdose
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Intentional self-injury
         subjects affected / exposed
    5 / 15 (33.33%)
    5 / 11 (45.45%)
         occurrences all number
    27
    13
    Paranoia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Psychogenic seizure
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Somnolence
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Suicidal behaviour
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Suicidal ideation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Investigations
    Neutrophil count decreased
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Troponin T increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 15 (0.00%)
    1 / 11 (9.09%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Weight increased
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 15 (13.33%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    0
    Injury, poisoning and procedural complications
    Accidental overdose
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Fall
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Frostbite
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Head injury
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Tooth injury
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Cardiac disorders
    Palpitations
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Tachycardia
         subjects affected / exposed
    4 / 15 (26.67%)
    1 / 11 (9.09%)
         occurrences all number
    9
    1
    Nervous system disorders
    Dizziness
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 15 (13.33%)
    1 / 11 (9.09%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    1
    Headache
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 15 (13.33%)
    1 / 11 (9.09%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    1
    Lethargy
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Paraesthesia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Somnolence
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 15 (20.00%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    0
    Tremor
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 15 (0.00%)
    1 / 11 (9.09%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Ear and labyrinth disorders
    Ear infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 15 (0.00%)
    1 / 11 (9.09%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Excessive cerumen production
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 15 (0.00%)
    1 / 11 (9.09%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Vertigo
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 15 (0.00%)
    1 / 11 (9.09%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    2
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Abdominal pain upper
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Constipation
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 15 (20.00%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    4
    0
    Diarrhoea
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 15 (13.33%)
    1 / 11 (9.09%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    2
    Dysphagia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 15 (0.00%)
    1 / 11 (9.09%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Salivary hypersecretion
         subjects affected / exposed
    6 / 15 (40.00%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    6
    0
    Toothache
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Vomiting
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 15 (13.33%)
    1 / 11 (9.09%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    1
    Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
    Eczema
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 15 (0.00%)
    1 / 11 (9.09%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Rash
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Renal and urinary disorders
    Incontinence
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
    Arthralgia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    2 / 11 (18.18%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    2
    Back pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Groin pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 15 (0.00%)
    1 / 11 (9.09%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Joint swelling
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Myalgia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Pain in extremity
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 15 (0.00%)
    1 / 11 (9.09%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Infections and infestations
    Tooth abscess
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Urinary tract infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Metabolism and nutrition disorders
    Abnormal weight gain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Dehydration
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 15 (6.67%)
    0 / 11 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0

    More information

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    Substantial protocol amendments (globally)

    Were there any global substantial amendments to the protocol? Yes
    Date
    Amendment
    24 May 2019
    Changes to protocol, PIS (addition of payment at baseline) Capsule size changed
    17 Dec 2019
    Addition of an eligibility criterion to include only those with severe personality disorder and how that is defined Addition of the assessment SAS-PD at six-month follow-up Update to the table showing summary of known risks of clozapine to reflect most currently approved RSI in sIMPD v2

    Interruptions (globally)

    Were there any global interruptions to the trial? Yes
    Date
    Interruption
    Restart date
    17 Mar 2020
    The trial halted recruitment on 17th March due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
    08 Jul 2020

    Limitations and caveats

    Limitations of the trial such as small numbers of subjects analysed or technical problems leading to unreliable data.
    None reported
    For support, Contact us.
    The status and protocol content of GB trials is no longer updated since 1 January 2021. For the UK, as of 31 January 2021, EU Law applies only to the territory of Northern Ireland (NI) to the extent foreseen in the Protocol on Ireland/NI. Legal notice
    As of 31 January 2023, all EU/EEA initial clinical trial applications must be submitted through CTIS . Updated EudraCT trials information and information on PIP/Art 46 trials conducted exclusively in third countries continues to be submitted through EudraCT and published on this website.

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