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    Clinical Trial Results:
    A prospective, randomized, open-label, interventional study to investigate the efficacy of sargramostim (Leukine®) in improving oxygenation and short- and long-term outcome of COVID-19 patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure.

    Summary
    EudraCT number
    2020-001254-22
    Trial protocol
    BE  
    Global end of trial date
    03 Aug 2021

    Results information
    Results version number
    v2(current)
    This version publication date
    07 Apr 2022
    First version publication date
    13 Mar 2022
    Other versions
    v1
    Version creation reason
    • Correction of full data set
    correction typo's

    Trial information

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    Trial identification
    Sponsor protocol code
    SARPAC
    Additional study identifiers
    ISRCTN number
    -
    US NCT number
    NCT04326920
    WHO universal trial number (UTN)
    -
    Sponsors
    Sponsor organisation name
    Ghent University Hospital
    Sponsor organisation address
    Cormaal Hetmanslaan 10, Ghent, Belgium, 9000
    Public contact
    HIRUZ CTU, University Hospital Ghent, +32 93320500, hiruz.ctu@uzgent.be
    Scientific contact
    HIRUZ CTU, University Hospital Ghent, +32 93320500, hiruz.ctu@uzgent.be
    Paediatric regulatory details
    Is trial part of an agreed paediatric investigation plan (PIP)
    No
    Does article 45 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Does article 46 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Results analysis stage
    Analysis stage
    Final
    Date of interim/final analysis
    28 Jul 2021
    Is this the analysis of the primary completion data?
    Yes
    Primary completion date
    26 Feb 2021
    Global end of trial reached?
    Yes
    Global end of trial date
    03 Aug 2021
    Was the trial ended prematurely?
    No
    General information about the trial
    Main objective of the trial
    The primary objective is to investigate whether the administration of inhaled sargramostim (Leukine®) at a dose of 250 mcg daily during 5 days improves oxygenation in COVID-19 patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure .
    Protection of trial subjects
    Ethics review and approval, informed consent, supportive care and routine monitoring
    Background therapy
    -
    Evidence for comparator
    -
    Actual start date of recruitment
    24 Mar 2020
    Long term follow-up planned
    Yes
    Long term follow-up rationale
    Safety, Efficacy, Scientific research
    Long term follow-up duration
    5 Months
    Independent data monitoring committee (IDMC) involvement?
    Yes
    Population of trial subjects
    Number of subjects enrolled per country
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Belgium: 81
    Worldwide total number of subjects
    81
    EEA total number of subjects
    81
    Number of subjects enrolled per age group
    In utero
    0
    Preterm newborn - gestational age < 37 wk
    0
    Newborns (0-27 days)
    0
    Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    0
    Children (2-11 years)
    0
    Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0
    Adults (18-64 years)
    55
    From 65 to 84 years
    26
    85 years and over
    0

    Subject disposition

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    Recruitment
    Recruitment details
    87 patients were screened in the period from 25-mar-2020 till 29-sep-2020. 87 patients were included, 81 patients were randomised. 73 patients were included and completed the trial. End of trial notification was dated 26-feb-2021 (last patient last visit) and submitted to EC and CA 03-aug-2021.

    Pre-assignment
    Screening details
    Confirmed COVID-19 patients between the age of 18 and 80 years were screened for acute hypoxic respiratory failure (saturation <93% on minimal 2 L/min O2 or PaO2/FiO2 <350). Mechanical ventilation, high dose systemic corticosteroids, active myeloid malignancy and lithium carbonate therapy were the most important exclusion criteria.

    Period 1
    Period 1 title
    overall trial (overall period)
    Is this the baseline period?
    Yes
    Allocation method
    Randomised - controlled
    Blinding used
    Not blinded

    Arms
    Are arms mutually exclusive
    Yes

    Arm title
    usual care + sargramostim
    Arm description
    usual care + Sargramostim/Leukine® 125 mcg BID via inhalation, for 5 days (Group A) Sargramostim/Leukine® 125 mcg/m2 once daily IV upon progression, for 5 days (Group C)
    Arm type
    Experimental

    Investigational medicinal product name
    sargramostim
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Injection, Powder for nebuliser solution
    Routes of administration
    Inhalation use
    Dosage and administration details
    LEUKINE® (sargramostim) prepared and administered for inhalation using nebulizer LEUKINE for injection is a sterile, preservative-free lyophilized powder that requires reconstitution with 2mL normal saline solution. Once reconstituted, LEUKINE can be inhaled as an aqueous aerosol using either a vibrating mesh nebulizer (Philips InnospireGo) or jet nebulizer, per manufacturer instructions. (Nebulizers studied include: AKITA2 Apixneb, PARI LC-Plus set, PulmoAide, Pan LC, Aeroneb Solo Device). Use reconstituted LEUKINE® solution for inhalation within 16 hours following reconstitution and/or dilution. Nebulizing is preferably done in an isolation negative pressure chamber, and if not, personnel should use an FFP2 mask. Patient should self-administer the medication and where possible, the room should not be entered within one hour after administration. LEUKINE® (sargramostim) prepared and administered intravenously For patients that are on a mechanical ventilator and cannot be treated

    Arm title
    usual care
    Arm description
    Usual care + Sargramostim/Leukine® 125 mcg/m2 once daily IV upon progression, for 5 days (Group D)
    Arm type
    Experimental

    Investigational medicinal product name
    sagramostim
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Injection
    Routes of administration
    Intravenous use
    Dosage and administration details
    LEUKINE® (sargramostim) prepared and administered for inhalation using nebulizer LEUKINE for injection is a sterile, preservative-free lyophilized powder that requires reconstitution with 2mL normal saline solution. Once reconstituted, LEUKINE can be inhaled as an aqueous aerosol using either a vibrating mesh nebulizer (Philips InnospireGo) or jet nebulizer, per manufacturer instructions. (Nebulizers studied include: AKITA2 Apixneb, PARI LC-Plus set, PulmoAide, Pan LC, Aeroneb Solo Device). Use reconstituted LEUKINE® solution for inhalation within 16 hours following reconstitution and/or dilution. Nebulizing is preferably done in an isolation negative pressure chamber, and if not, personnel should use an FFP2 mask. Patient should self-administer the medication and where possible, the room should not be entered within one hour after administration. LEUKINE® (sargramostim) prepared and administered intravenously For patients that are on a mechanical ventilator and cannot be treated

    Number of subjects in period 1
    usual care + sargramostim usual care
    Started
    40
    41
    Completed
    40
    39
    Not completed
    0
    2
         Consent withdrawn by subject
    -
    1
         Consent withdrawn by physician
    -
    1

    Baseline characteristics

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    Baseline characteristics reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    usual care + sargramostim
    Reporting group description
    usual care + Sargramostim/Leukine® 125 mcg BID via inhalation, for 5 days (Group A) Sargramostim/Leukine® 125 mcg/m2 once daily IV upon progression, for 5 days (Group C)

    Reporting group title
    usual care
    Reporting group description
    Usual care + Sargramostim/Leukine® 125 mcg/m2 once daily IV upon progression, for 5 days (Group D)

    Reporting group values
    usual care + sargramostim usual care Total
    Number of subjects
    40 41 81
    Age categorical
    age 18-80
    Units: Subjects
        Adults (18-64 years)
    29 26 55
        From 65-84 years
    11 15 26
    Age continuous
    Units: years
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    59 (46 to 68) 60 (53 to 69) -
    Gender categorical
    Units: Subjects
        Female
    14 16 30
        Male
    26 25 51
    Ethnicity
    Units: Subjects
        White
    34 39 73
        Black
    4 0 4
        Arabian
    2 2 4
    Comorbidity
    Units: Subjects
        Arterial hypertension
    7 7 14
        Diabetes mellitus
    9 7 16
        Cardiovascular disease
    0 1 1
        Chronic kidney disease
    0 1 1
        Severe liver disease
    0 0 0
        Chronic lung disease
    0 0 0
        Cancer
    2 2 4
        Patients witjout reported comorbidities
    22 23 45
    Smoking status
    Units: Subjects
        Current
    0 3 3
        Former
    18 16 34
        Never
    22 22 44
    Concommitant medication at randomization
    Units: Subjects
        Glucocorticoids
    11 9 20
        Antiviral drugs (remdesivir)
    3 0 3
        Hydroxychloroquine
    24 26 50
        Antibiotics
    1 2 3
        Patients without reported concommitant medication
    1 4 5
    6-category ordinal scale
    Units: Subjects
        5 Hospitalized, no supplemental oxygen
    1 3 4
        4 Hospitalized, supplemental oxygen
    38 33 71
        3 Hopsitalized, NIMV or HFOD
    1 5 6
    Lab values - C-reactive protein
    Units: mg/L
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    73.2 (39.1 to 122.8) 83 (38.4 to 180) -
    Biomarkers in serum - IL1RA
    Units: ng/mL
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    839.3 (595.8 to 1494) 1288 (905.1 to 2350) -
    Oxygenation - PaO2/FiO2 ratio
    Units: mmHg
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    291.5 (251.5 to 329) 297 (242 to 319.5) -
    Oxygenation - P(A-a)O2 gradient
    Units: mmHg
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    50.15 (39.8 to 63.75) 45.55 (38.6 to 61.75) -
    Lab values - eosinophil count
    Units: x 10^9/L
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    0.01 (0 to 0.1) 0.02 (0 to 0.09) -
    Lab values - lymphocyte count
    Units: x 10^9/L
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    1.08 (0.83 to 1.4) 0.88 (0.65 to 1.22) -
    Lab values - ferritin
    Units: mcg/L
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    736.5 (446.5 to 1063.5) 721 (425 to 1068) -
    Lab values - D-dimer
    Units: nmol/L
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    4.36 (3.12 to 5.8) 3.61 (2.39 to 5.04) -
    Lab values - lactate dehydrogenase
    Units: ukat/L
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    4.98 (4.14 to 6.4) 5.98 (4.31 to 6.86) -
    Lab values - aspartate aminotransferase
    Units: ukat/L
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    0.62 (0.44 to 1.01) 0.65 (0.57 to 0.89) -
    Lab values - alanine aminotransferase
    Units: ukat/L
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    0.59 (0.38 to 0.86) 0.57 (0.4 to 0.92) -
    Lab values - creatinine
    Units: micromol/L
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    75.14 (68.07 to 88.4) 78.68 (68.07 to 92.82) -
    Biomarkers in serum - IL-6
    Units: pg/mL
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    11.54 (4.85 to 36.84) 11.54 (4.85 to 36.84) -
    Biomarkers in serum - IL-8
    Units: pg/mL
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    22.51 (14.14 to 32.11) 27.44 (15.91 to 46.49) -
    Biomarkers in serum - IL-18
    Units: pg/mL
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    101.3 (73.8 to 164.7) 150.7 (87.13 to 198.3) -
    Biomarkers in serum - C5a
    Units: ng/mL
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    11.18 (3.91 to 16.28) 8.83 (4.52 to 16.06) -
    Biomarkers in serum - GM-CSF
    Units: fg/mL
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    9.13 (7.35 to 12.42) 9.12 (6.82 to 13.39) -
    Biomarkers in serum - TNF
    Units: pg/mL
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    16.32 (12.17 to 20.13) 14.77 (8.53 to 25.91) -
    BMI
    Units: kg/m^2
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    28.6 (26 to 33.8) 27.6 (24.7 to 33.1) -
    Days since symptom onset
    Units: day
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    11 (8.5 to 14) 10 (9 to 13) -
    Days since hospitalization
    Units: day
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    3 (2.5 to 4.5) 3 (3 to 5) -
    Subject analysis sets

    Subject analysis set title
    modified intent-to-treat
    Subject analysis set type
    Intention-to-treat
    Subject analysis set description
    Modified intent-to-treat population includes all patients who were randomized and received at least one dose of sargramostim and/or standard of care based on the treatment assigned at randomization.

    Subject analysis sets values
    modified intent-to-treat
    Number of subjects
    81
    Age categorical
    age 18-80
    Units: Subjects
        Adults (18-64 years)
    55
        From 65-84 years
    26
    Age continuous
    Units: years
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    60 (49 to 69)
    Gender categorical
    Units: Subjects
        Female
    30
        Male
    51
    Ethnicity
    Units: Subjects
        White
    73
        Black
    4
        Arabian
    4
    Comorbidity
    Units: Subjects
        Arterial hypertension
    14
        Diabetes mellitus
    16
        Cardiovascular disease
    1
        Chronic kidney disease
    1
        Severe liver disease
    0
        Chronic lung disease
    0
        Cancer
    4
        Patients witjout reported comorbidities
    45
    Smoking status
    Units: Subjects
        Current
    3
        Former
    34
        Never
    44
    Concommitant medication at randomization
    Units: Subjects
        Glucocorticoids
    20
        Antiviral drugs (remdesivir)
    3
        Hydroxychloroquine
    50
        Antibiotics
    3
        Patients without reported concommitant medication
    5
    6-category ordinal scale
    Units: Subjects
        5 Hospitalized, no supplemental oxygen
    4
        4 Hospitalized, supplemental oxygen
    71
        3 Hopsitalized, NIMV or HFOD
    6
    Lab values - C-reactive protein
    Units: mg/L
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    74.5 (38.75 to 147.45)
    Biomarkers in serum - IL1RA
    Units: ng/mL
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    1162 (678.4 to 1806)
    Oxygenation - PaO2/FiO2 ratio
    Units: mmHg
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    Oxygenation - P(A-a)O2 gradient
    Units: mmHg
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    Lab values - eosinophil count
    Units: x 10^9/L
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    0.02 (0 to 0.1)
    Lab values - lymphocyte count
    Units: x 10^9/L
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    1 (0.7 to 1.3)
    Lab values - ferritin
    Units: mcg/L
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    721 (425 to 1068)
    Lab values - D-dimer
    Units: nmol/L
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    3.81 (2.79 to 5.31)
    Lab values - lactate dehydrogenase
    Units: ukat/L
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    5.26 (4.21 to 6.68)
    Lab values - aspartate aminotransferase
    Units: ukat/L
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    0.65 (0.48 to 0.95)
    Lab values - alanine aminotransferase
    Units: ukat/L
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    0.58 (0.4 to 0.89)
    Lab values - creatinine
    Units: micromol/L
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    77.35 (68.07 to 92.82)
    Biomarkers in serum - IL-6
    Units: pg/mL
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    11.54 (4.85 to 24.9)
    Biomarkers in serum - IL-8
    Units: pg/mL
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    23.99 (15.91 to 39.73)
    Biomarkers in serum - IL-18
    Units: pg/mL
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    131 (80.32 to 184.8)
    Biomarkers in serum - C5a
    Units: ng/mL
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    9.94 (4.37 to 16.12)
    Biomarkers in serum - GM-CSF
    Units: fg/mL
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    9.12 (7.05 to 12.71)
    Biomarkers in serum - TNF
    Units: pg/mL
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    14.99 (10.66 to 22.28)
    BMI
    Units: kg/m^2
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    28 (25 to 33.4)
    Days since symptom onset
    Units: day
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    11 (9 to 13)
    Days since hospitalization
    Units: day
        median (inter-quartile range (Q1-Q3))
    3 (3 to 5)

    End points

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    End points reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    usual care + sargramostim
    Reporting group description
    usual care + Sargramostim/Leukine® 125 mcg BID via inhalation, for 5 days (Group A) Sargramostim/Leukine® 125 mcg/m2 once daily IV upon progression, for 5 days (Group C)

    Reporting group title
    usual care
    Reporting group description
    Usual care + Sargramostim/Leukine® 125 mcg/m2 once daily IV upon progression, for 5 days (Group D)

    Subject analysis set title
    modified intent-to-treat
    Subject analysis set type
    Intention-to-treat
    Subject analysis set description
    Modified intent-to-treat population includes all patients who were randomized and received at least one dose of sargramostim and/or standard of care based on the treatment assigned at randomization.

    Primary: oxygenation parameters

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    End point title
    oxygenation parameters
    End point description
    The primary objective is to investigate whether the administration of inhaled sargramostim (Leukine®) at a dose of 250 mcg daily during 5 days improves oxygenation in COVID-19 patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure.
    End point type
    Primary
    End point timeframe
    D1-D6
    End point values
    usual care + sargramostim usual care
    Number of subjects analysed
    40
    41
    Units: mmHg
        number (not applicable)
    40
    41
    Attachments
    Untitled (Filename: figure primary endpoint.jpg)
    Statistical analysis title
    T test
    Comparison groups
    usual care + sargramostim v usual care
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    81
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    non-inferiority
    P-value
    < 0.05
    Method
    t-test, 2-sided
    Confidence interval

    Adverse events

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    Adverse events information
    Timeframe for reporting adverse events
    screening untill follow up
    Assessment type
    Non-systematic
    Dictionary used for adverse event reporting
    Dictionary name
    CTCAE
    Dictionary version
    5.0
    Reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    usual care
    Reporting group description
    -

    Reporting group title
    usual care + sargramostim
    Reporting group description
    -

    Serious adverse events
    usual care usual care + sargramostim
    Total subjects affected by serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    6 / 41 (14.63%)
    6 / 40 (15.00%)
         number of deaths (all causes)
    8
    4
         number of deaths resulting from adverse events
    4
    1
    Vascular disorders
    Thromboembolic event
    Additional description: Pulmonary embolism
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 41 (2.44%)
    0 / 40 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
    Nervous system disorders
    Cerebrovascular accident
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 41 (0.00%)
    1 / 40 (2.50%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Presyncope
    Additional description: Progressive symptomatic orthostatism with presyncope
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 41 (0.00%)
    1 / 40 (2.50%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Reproductive system and breast disorders
    Respiratory deterioration
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 41 (0.00%)
    1 / 40 (2.50%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    Respiratory distress
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 41 (0.00%)
    1 / 40 (2.50%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Ventilator associated pneumonia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 41 (0.00%)
    1 / 40 (2.50%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Aspergillus infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 41 (2.44%)
    0 / 40 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Respiratory deterioration due to underlying MPO-ANCA vasculitis and aspergillosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 41 (0.00%)
    1 / 40 (2.50%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Respiratory failure
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 41 (2.44%)
    0 / 40 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Pneumonia
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 41 (2.44%)
    0 / 40 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Hypoxia
    Additional description: Increasing hypoxemia due to COVID-19
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 41 (2.44%)
    0 / 40 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Psychiatric disorders
    Persistent catatonic state and neurological deficits
    Additional description: therefore abstinence from further therapy
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 41 (0.00%)
    1 / 40 (2.50%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Infections and infestations
    Invasive aspergillosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 41 (0.00%)
    1 / 40 (2.50%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
    Multi-bacterial bacteremia causing hemorrhagic shock
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 41 (2.44%)
    0 / 40 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 1
    0 / 0
    Frequency threshold for reporting non-serious adverse events: 5%
    Non-serious adverse events
    usual care usual care + sargramostim
    Total subjects affected by non serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    20 / 41 (48.78%)
    24 / 40 (60.00%)
    Vascular disorders
    Thrombosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 41 (0.00%)
    1 / 40 (2.50%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Cardiac disorders
    Cardiac disorder
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 41 (7.32%)
    2 / 40 (5.00%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    2
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Constipation
         subjects affected / exposed
    6 / 41 (14.63%)
    3 / 40 (7.50%)
         occurrences all number
    6
    3
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    Epistaxis
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 41 (4.88%)
    8 / 40 (20.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    8
    Hepatobiliary disorders
    Abnormal liver function
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 41 (0.00%)
    1 / 40 (2.50%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Renal and urinary disorders
    Acute kidney injury
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 41 (0.00%)
    2 / 40 (5.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    2
    Infections and infestations
    Infectious disorder (not COVID-19)
         subjects affected / exposed
    9 / 41 (21.95%)
    7 / 40 (17.50%)
         occurrences all number
    9
    7

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    Substantial protocol amendments (globally)

    Were there any global substantial amendments to the protocol? Yes
    Date
    Amendment
    30 Mar 2020
    correction inclusion criteria to PaO2/FiO2 below 350
    17 Apr 2020
    Section 6.1: Inclusion criteria 1 removed and changed to COVID-19 diagnosis confirmed by antigen detection test and/or PCR and/or positive serology, or any emerging and validated diagnostic laboratory test for COVID-19 within this period. Section 1.5, 6.1: Extra Inclusion criteria: In some patients, it may be impossible to get a confident laboratory confirmation of COVID-19 diagnosis after 24h of hospital admission because viral load is low and/or problems with diagnostic sensitivity. In those cases, in absence of an alternative diagnosis, and with highly suspect bilateral ground glass opacities on recent (<24h) chest-CT scan (confirmed by a radiologist and pulmonary physician as probable COVID-19), a patient can be enrolled as probable COVID-19 infected. In all cases, this needs confirmation by later seroconversion Section 10: redefining sampling.due to addition of extra study sites. Section 8.1.5: better definition of duration of treatment Section 13.6: Despite the known safety profile of the study medications and study design, a DSMB is foreseen. General: Better definition of progressive disease: Progression to ARDS requiring mechanical ventilation is removed and replaced by: progressive disease requiring mechanical ventilatory support. General: Safety follow-up period is 10-20 weeks. Section 1.6.1, 8.1.5: Nebulizing is preferably done in an isolation negative pressure chamber, and if not, personnel should use an FFP2 mask. Patient should self-administer the medication and where possible, the room should not be entered within one hour after administration. Section 9.4: arterial blood gas mandatory at D1, D6 and FU Section 9.2, 9.4: if arterial blood gas is taken within 24h before first dose administration, as described in point° the arterial blood gas of screening can be used as D1 value Section 7.1.2: If a patient decides to leave hospital before day 6 of the study, for example because of clinical improvement, the oxygenation parameters at da
    27 Apr 2020
    addition site
    18 May 2020
    Section 9.4: Schematic overview of the data collection & interventions: lay-out was updated to improve clarity. Section 9.4: Added to flowchart, as per standard of care during follow-up visit: - 6 minutes walk test (Section 4.2) - HRCT scan to assess HRCT fibrosis score Section 10: - Clarification on study blood sampling added: EDTA only to be collected in selected sites. - processing details of samples were updated from 1500RPM or 410g to 1770 g. General: Typo’s were corrected. General: “requiring invasive mechanical ventilatory support”: wording “invasive” changed to “non-invasive / invasive“. Section 9.2: “on page 36” added to “as described in point°”. Section 9.4: clinical assessments added to flowchart: Ordinal Scale Category, Clinical Sign Sore, NEWS2 Score, SOFA Score, HScore, CURB-65, APACHE II and Glasgow Coma Scale. Section 3.2, 4.2: Mean change of SOFA score between day 1 and day 6 or between day 1 and day 11: updated to day 10. Mean change NEWS2 score between day 1 and day 6 or between day 1 and day 11: updated to day 10.
    22 Jul 2020
    PICF v 1.7 dd07-jul-2020NL PICF v1.2 dd07-jul-2020FR PICF v1.2 dd07-jul-2020ENG
    19 Aug 2020
    extension of recruitment period until 30-dec-2020 extension of recruitment number from 80 to 82
    18 Sep 2020
    extension of total study period until 30-jun-2021 extension of recruitment number from 82 to 88 (replacement of screenfailures)
    15 Jun 2021
    General: Typo’s were corrected. Section 1.5 and 6.2 -patients on high dose systemic steroids (> 20 mg methylprednisolone or equivalent) Replaced by -patients on high dose systemic steroids (> 20 mg methylprednisolone or equivalent) for COVID-19 unrelated disorder AND - Patients with serum ferritin >2000 mcg/ml (which will exclude ongoing HLH) Replaced by - Patients with serum ferritin >2000 mcg/L (which will exclude ongoing HLH) Section 3.3 and Sections 4.1 and 4.2 Further clarification of Primary and Secondary endpoint measurements Section 4.3: Enumeration and description of planned pharmacodynamic measurements (biomarkers, flow cytometry, immunomonitoring) Section 9.3.6: Clarification on role of VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research Clarification of which pharmacodynamic parameters, biomarkers, immunomonitoring assays will be performed Definitions of follow-up visit were made consistent. Section 11: Shipment process of optional samples was updated. Section 11.3: Typo selected centres corrected to all centres Better description of sample handling and analysis by centers Secion 11.4 Clarification of sample storage and shipment, including role of VIB Section 12.3: correction statistical analysis team Further clarification on statistical analysis performed Section 13.4: Access to data and data ownership better defined Section 14.7: Period of first DSUR reporting modified to 1 year + 60 days

    Interruptions (globally)

    Were there any global interruptions to the trial? No

    Limitations and caveats

    Limitations of the trial such as small numbers of subjects analysed or technical problems leading to unreliable data.
    None reported
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