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    Clinical Trial Results:
    PINIT Study - An immune efficacy study for primary prevention using intranasal insulin therapy in islet autoantibody negative children at high risk for type 1 diabetes

    Summary
    EudraCT number
    2015-003379-31
    Trial protocol
    DE  
    Global end of trial date
    07 Jun 2021

    Results information
    Results version number
    v1(current)
    This version publication date
    02 Apr 2022
    First version publication date
    02 Apr 2022
    Other versions

    Trial information

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    Trial identification
    Sponsor protocol code
    808040015
    Additional study identifiers
    ISRCTN number
    -
    US NCT number
    NCT03182322
    WHO universal trial number (UTN)
    -
    Sponsors
    Sponsor organisation name
    Technical University Munich, represented by the School of Medicine
    Sponsor organisation address
    Ismaninger Str. 22, München, Germany, 81675
    Public contact
    Prof. Dr. med. Peter Achenbach, Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 0049 8931872896, peter.achenbach@helmholtz-muenchen.de
    Scientific contact
    Prof. Dr. med. Peter Achenbach, Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 0049 8931872896, peter.achenbach@helmholtz-muenchen.de
    Paediatric regulatory details
    Is trial part of an agreed paediatric investigation plan (PIP)
    No
    Does article 45 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Does article 46 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Results analysis stage
    Analysis stage
    Final
    Date of interim/final analysis
    25 Feb 2022
    Is this the analysis of the primary completion data?
    Yes
    Primary completion date
    07 Jun 2021
    Global end of trial reached?
    Yes
    Global end of trial date
    07 Jun 2021
    Was the trial ended prematurely?
    No
    General information about the trial
    Main objective of the trial
    To determine whether intranasal administration of 440 IU insulin to children with high genetic risk for T1D will induce likely protective IgG or IgA antibody responses to insulin, and/or T-cell responses to insulin and/or proinsulin.
    Protection of trial subjects
    Local anesthetics (EMLA) to reduce pain during blood draws
    Background therapy
    -
    Evidence for comparator
    -
    Actual start date of recruitment
    25 May 2018
    Long term follow-up planned
    No
    Independent data monitoring committee (IDMC) involvement?
    Yes
    Population of trial subjects
    Number of subjects enrolled per country
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Germany: 38
    Worldwide total number of subjects
    38
    EEA total number of subjects
    38
    Number of subjects enrolled per age group
    In utero
    0
    Preterm newborn - gestational age < 37 wk
    0
    Newborns (0-27 days)
    0
    Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    12
    Children (2-11 years)
    26
    Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0
    Adults (18-64 years)
    0
    From 65 to 84 years
    0
    85 years and over
    0

    Subject disposition

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    Recruitment
    Recruitment details
    Participants were recruited through a (at that time) newly launched newborn T1D risk screening program in Saxony and by study team making contact with T1D families through clinics/diabetes educators/diabetologists.

    Pre-assignment
    Screening details
    Autoantibody negative children, aged 1 year to 7 years, with the HLA DR3/4-DQ8 genotype or with a first degree relative with T1D and at least one HLA DR4-DQ8 haplotype and no protective HLA DR-DQ alleles or haplotypes.

    Period 1
    Period 1 title
    Overall trial (overall period)
    Is this the baseline period?
    Yes
    Allocation method
    Randomised - controlled
    Blinding used
    Double blind
    Roles blinded
    Subject, Investigator, Monitor, Data analyst, Carer, Assessor

    Arms
    Are arms mutually exclusive
    Yes

    Arm title
    Intranasal Insulin
    Arm description
    IMP: Recombinant Human Insulin, 1100IU/ml (40mg/ml manufacturing formulation) Application: intranasal Dosing: once daily for 7 consecutive days, and one day per week thereafter for a period of 6-month.
    Arm type
    Experimental

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Recombinant Human Insulin, 1100IU/ml
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Nasal spray
    Routes of administration
    Nasal use
    Dosage and administration details
    Recombinant human insulin provided as bulk crystals (28.7 IU/mg) formulated in a carrier solution of water with 0.072 mg/ml benzalkonium chloride and 16 mg/ml glycerol. Insulin at a dose of 1100 IU/ml, which equals 40 mg/ml manufacturing formulation, was administered intranasally as four 50 µl spray doses per nostril equivalent to a total dose of 440 IU. Multi-dose nasal spray with actuator was used.

    Arm title
    Placebo
    Arm description
    Placebo will be the insulin carrier solution Water with 0.072 mg/ml benzalkonium chloride and 16 mg/ml glycerol
    Arm type
    Placebo

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Placebo
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Nasal spray
    Routes of administration
    Nasal use
    Dosage and administration details
    Reference placebo will be the insulin carrier solution (water with 0.072 mg/ml benzalkonium chloride and 16 mg/ml glycerol). Placebo was administered intranasally as four 50 µl spray doses per nostril. Multi-dose nasal spray with actuator was used.

    Number of subjects in period 1
    Intranasal Insulin Placebo
    Started
    18
    20
    Completed
    18
    18
    Not completed
    0
    2
         Adverse event, non-fatal
    -
    2

    Baseline characteristics

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    Baseline characteristics reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Intranasal Insulin
    Reporting group description
    IMP: Recombinant Human Insulin, 1100IU/ml (40mg/ml manufacturing formulation) Application: intranasal Dosing: once daily for 7 consecutive days, and one day per week thereafter for a period of 6-month.

    Reporting group title
    Placebo
    Reporting group description
    Placebo will be the insulin carrier solution Water with 0.072 mg/ml benzalkonium chloride and 16 mg/ml glycerol

    Reporting group values
    Intranasal Insulin Placebo Total
    Number of subjects
    18 20 38
    Age categorical
    Units: Subjects
        Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    7 5 12
        Children (2-11 years)
    11 15 26
    Gender categorical
    Units: Subjects
        Female
    9 7 16
        Male
    9 13 22

    End points

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    End points reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Intranasal Insulin
    Reporting group description
    IMP: Recombinant Human Insulin, 1100IU/ml (40mg/ml manufacturing formulation) Application: intranasal Dosing: once daily for 7 consecutive days, and one day per week thereafter for a period of 6-month.

    Reporting group title
    Placebo
    Reporting group description
    Placebo will be the insulin carrier solution Water with 0.072 mg/ml benzalkonium chloride and 16 mg/ml glycerol

    Primary: Primary Outcome: Primary Immune Efficacy

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    End point title
    Primary Outcome: Primary Immune Efficacy
    End point description
    End point type
    Primary
    End point timeframe
    Baseline, 3 months or 6 months’ visits
    End point values
    Intranasal Insulin Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    18
    20
    Units: Subjects
    18
    20
    Statistical analysis title
    Full Analysis
    Comparison groups
    Placebo v Intranasal Insulin
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    38
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.3201 [1]
    Method
    Fisher exact
    Parameter type
    CI
    Confidence interval
    Notes
    [1] - The difference in the frequency of observed positive outcomes between the two treatment arms was not significant.
    Statistical analysis title
    Sensitivity Analysis
    Statistical analysis description
    After excluding one child who experienced positive GAD autoantibodies (The child was in the placebo group), the primary efficacy analysis was also conducted separately in the 37 children that did not show signs of treatment failure.
    Comparison groups
    Intranasal Insulin v Placebo
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    38
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.1837 [2]
    Method
    Fisher exact
    Parameter type
    CI
    Confidence interval
    Notes
    [2] - A comparison between both arms did not show any significant difference regarding immune response.

    Primary: Primary Outcome: Additional Analysis on Primary Immune Efficacy / Serum IgG Response to Insulin

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    End point title
    Primary Outcome: Additional Analysis on Primary Immune Efficacy / Serum IgG Response to Insulin
    End point description
    Serum IgG binding to insulin. A positive response was defined as a >10 counts per minute (cpm) increase over the baseline value at any of the 3 months or 6 months’ visits.
    End point type
    Primary
    End point timeframe
    Baseline, 3 months or 6 months’ visits
    End point values
    Intranasal Insulin Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    18
    20
    Units: Subjects
    18
    20
    Statistical analysis title
    Full Analysis
    Comparison groups
    Intranasal Insulin v Placebo
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    38
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.224 [3]
    Method
    Fisher exact
    Parameter type
    CI
    Confidence interval
    Notes
    [3] - The difference in the frequency of observed positive outcomes between the two treatment arms was not significant.

    Primary: Primary Outcome: Additional Analysis on Primary Immune Efficacy / Salivary IgA Response to Insulin

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    End point title
    Primary Outcome: Additional Analysis on Primary Immune Efficacy / Salivary IgA Response to Insulin
    End point description
    Salivary IgA binding to insulin. Results were expressed as background - corrected cpm and then as a ratio to the baseline value. A saliva sample from a control subject was used to define the background cpm in the saliva IgA-insulin assay. A positive response was defined as a background - corrected cpm value that is > (mean + 2SD) of untreated children with a >3-fold increase over the background-corrected cpm baseline value (ratio >3) at any of the 3 months or 6 months’ visits.
    End point type
    Primary
    End point timeframe
    Baseline, 3 months or 6 months’ visits
    End point values
    Intranasal Insulin Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    17
    19
    Units: Subjects
    18
    20
    Statistical analysis title
    Subset Analysis
    Comparison groups
    Intranasal Insulin v Placebo
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    36
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.6843 [4]
    Method
    Fisher exact
    Parameter type
    CI
    Confidence interval
    Notes
    [4] - The difference in the frequency of observed positive outcomes between the two treatment arms was not significant.

    Primary: Primary Outcome: Additional Analysis on Primary Immune Efficacy / CD4 T-Cell Response to Insulin

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    End point title
    Primary Outcome: Additional Analysis on Primary Immune Efficacy / CD4 T-Cell Response to Insulin
    End point description
    CD4+ T cell response to insulin. A positive response was defined as a stimulation index (SI) >3 and a >2-fold increase over the baseline SI value at any of the 3 months or 6 months’ visits.
    End point type
    Primary
    End point timeframe
    Baseline, 3 months or 6 months’ visits
    End point values
    Intranasal Insulin Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    16
    18
    Units: Subjects
    18
    20
    Statistical analysis title
    Subset Analysis
    Comparison groups
    Intranasal Insulin v Placebo
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    34
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    ≥ 0.9999 [5]
    Method
    Fisher exact
    Parameter type
    CI
    Confidence interval
    Notes
    [5] - The difference in the frequency of observed positive outcomes between the two treatment arms was not significant.

    Other pre-specified: Safety and Tolerability

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    End point title
    Safety and Tolerability
    End point description
    End point type
    Other pre-specified
    End point timeframe
    Complete study duration
    End point values
    Intranasal Insulin Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    18
    20
    Units: Subjects
    18
    20
    Statistical analysis title
    Safety Analysis
    Comparison groups
    Intranasal Insulin v Placebo
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    38
    Analysis specification
    Pre-specified
    Analysis type
    superiority
    P-value
    = 0.1673 [6]
    Method
    Kaplan-Meier Method
    Confidence interval
    Notes
    [6] - Comparing the event probabilities between the two groups resulted in non-significant

    Adverse events

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    Adverse events information
    Timeframe for reporting adverse events
    Adverse events were recorded throughout the study in which the study participants received the treatment ; documentation and assessment of AEs and SAEs occurred during 3 monthly visits (Baseline Visit / 3 Month Visit / 6 Month Visit).
    Adverse event reporting additional description
    AEs were collected via eCRF SAEs were collected via paper form
    Assessment type
    Systematic
    Dictionary used for adverse event reporting
    Dictionary name
    MedDRA
    Dictionary version
    14.1
    Reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Verum
    Reporting group description
    IMP: Recombinant Human Insulin, 1100IU/ml (40mg/ml manufacturing formulation) Application: intranasal Dosing: once daily for 7 consecutive days, and one day per week thereafter for a period of 6-month.

    Reporting group title
    Placebo
    Reporting group description
    Reference Placebo: Insulin carrier solution (water with 0.072 mg/ml benzalkonium chloride and 16 mg/ml glycerol) Application: intranasal Dosing: once daily for 7 consecutive days, and one day per week thereafter for a period of 6-month.

    Serious adverse events
    Verum Placebo
    Total subjects affected by serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 18 (0.00%)
    1 / 20 (5.00%)
         number of deaths (all causes)
    0
    0
         number of deaths resulting from adverse events
    0
    0
    Infections and infestations
    Pneumonia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 18 (0.00%)
    1 / 20 (5.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Bronchitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 18 (0.00%)
    1 / 20 (5.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Frequency threshold for reporting non-serious adverse events: 0%
    Non-serious adverse events
    Verum Placebo
    Total subjects affected by non serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    17 / 18 (94.44%)
    17 / 20 (85.00%)
    Injury, poisoning and procedural complications
    Forearm fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 18 (0.00%)
    1 / 20 (5.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Arm fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 18 (0.00%)
    1 / 20 (5.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Scar
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 20 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Injury NOS
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 20 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Nervous system disorders
    Headache
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 20 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Blood and lymphatic system disorders
    Lymphadenitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 20 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Thrombocytosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 20 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    General disorders and administration site conditions
    Fever
         subjects affected / exposed
    7 / 18 (38.89%)
    7 / 20 (35.00%)
         occurrences all number
    12
    12
    Fever of unknown origin
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    1 / 20 (5.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Ear and labyrinth disorders
    Vertigo
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 20 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Constipation
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 20 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Diarrhea
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 18 (11.11%)
    1 / 20 (5.00%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    1
    Vomiting
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 18 (0.00%)
    1 / 20 (5.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    3
    Stomach function disorder
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 20 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Gastrointestinal disorder NOS
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 18 (0.00%)
    1 / 20 (5.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    Allergic asthma
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 18 (0.00%)
    1 / 20 (5.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Bleeding nose
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 20 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Cough
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 18 (11.11%)
    3 / 20 (15.00%)
         occurrences all number
    9
    10
    Epistaxis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 20 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    0
    Sore nose
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 20 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
    Leg pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 18 (0.00%)
    1 / 20 (5.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Infections and infestations
    Bronchitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    3 / 20 (15.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    4
    Cercarial dermatitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 18 (0.00%)
    1 / 20 (5.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Cold
         subjects affected / exposed
    4 / 18 (22.22%)
    1 / 20 (5.00%)
         occurrences all number
    7
    1
    Common cold
         subjects affected / exposed
    8 / 18 (44.44%)
    7 / 20 (35.00%)
         occurrences all number
    14
    15
    Conjunctivitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 18 (0.00%)
    5 / 20 (25.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    5
    Croup
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 18 (0.00%)
    1 / 20 (5.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Exanthema subitum
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 18 (11.11%)
    0 / 20 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Gastroenteritis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 18 (0.00%)
    3 / 20 (15.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    4
    Gastrointestinal infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 18 (0.00%)
    1 / 20 (5.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Glue ear
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 18 (0.00%)
    3 / 20 (15.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    3
    Hand-foot-and-mouth disease
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 18 (11.11%)
    0 / 20 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Influenza
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 20 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Otitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 20 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Otitis media
         subjects affected / exposed
    4 / 18 (22.22%)
    1 / 20 (5.00%)
         occurrences all number
    4
    1
    Pneumonia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 18 (0.00%)
    1 / 20 (5.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Respiratory infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    0 / 20 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    0
    Rhinitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    4 / 20 (20.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    5
    Scarlet fever
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    1 / 20 (5.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Sinusitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    1 / 20 (5.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Streptococcal infection NOS
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 18 (0.00%)
    1 / 20 (5.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Tonsillitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 18 (0.00%)
    2 / 20 (10.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    3
    Upper respiratory infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 18 (5.56%)
    3 / 20 (15.00%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    6
    Upper respiratory tract infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 18 (0.00%)
    1 / 20 (5.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Viral infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 18 (0.00%)
    1 / 20 (5.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Metabolism and nutrition disorders
    Hypoglycemia
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 18 (11.11%)
    0 / 20 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    0
    Iron deficiency
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 18 (0.00%)
    1 / 20 (5.00%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1

    More information

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    Substantial protocol amendments (globally)

    Were there any global substantial amendments to the protocol? Yes
    Date
    Amendment
    28 Sep 2020
    Substancial Amendments to Protocol / Version 2.2 to 2.3 New definition of study end (updated to reflect real dates for FPFV and LPLV and change of definition of end of study) A redefinition of the end of the study was necessary because the performance of the required mechanistic assays could only be started after the LPLV. The measurement of all laboratory values relevant for the evaluation, including the very complex T-cell stimulation assay, took some time. Thus, the study could not be considered complete until the above measurements were completed and the results were available to be entered into the database. Therefore, the end of the study was redefined accordingly.

    Interruptions (globally)

    Were there any global interruptions to the trial? No

    Limitations and caveats

    Limitations of the trial such as small numbers of subjects analysed or technical problems leading to unreliable data.
    None reported
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    The status and protocol content of GB trials is no longer updated since 1 January 2021. For the UK, as of 31 January 2021, EU Law applies only to the territory of Northern Ireland (NI) to the extent foreseen in the Protocol on Ireland/NI. Legal notice
    As of 31 January 2023, all EU/EEA initial clinical trial applications must be submitted through CTIS . Updated EudraCT trials information and information on PIP/Art 46 trials conducted exclusively in third countries continues to be submitted through EudraCT and published on this website.

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