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    Clinical Trial Results:
    A Study to Assess the Renoprotective Effects of the SGLT2 Inhibitor Dapagliflozin in Non-Diabetic Patients With Proteinuria: a Randomized Double Blind 6-Weeks Cross-Over Trial

    Summary
    EudraCT number
    2017-001090-16
    Trial protocol
    NL  
    Global end of trial date
    07 Oct 2019

    Results information
    Results version number
    v1(current)
    This version publication date
    11 Jan 2022
    First version publication date
    11 Jan 2022
    Other versions
    Summary report(s)
    DIAMOND

    Trial information

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    Trial identification
    Sponsor protocol code
    2017003001
    Additional study identifiers
    ISRCTN number
    -
    US NCT number
    NCT03190694
    WHO universal trial number (UTN)
    -
    Sponsors
    Sponsor organisation name
    University Medical Center Groningen
    Sponsor organisation address
    Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, Netherlands, 9713 GZ
    Public contact
    Hiddo Jan Lambers Heerspink, University Medical Center Groningen, +31 503617859NA, h.j.lambers.heerspink@umcg.nl
    Scientific contact
    Hiddo Jan Lambers Heerspink, University Medical Center Groningen, +31 503617859NA, h.j.lambers.heerspink@umcg.nl
    Paediatric regulatory details
    Is trial part of an agreed paediatric investigation plan (PIP)
    No
    Does article 45 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Does article 46 of REGULATION (EC) No 1901/2006 apply to this trial?
    No
    Results analysis stage
    Analysis stage
    Final
    Date of interim/final analysis
    07 Oct 2019
    Is this the analysis of the primary completion data?
    Yes
    Primary completion date
    07 Oct 2019
    Global end of trial reached?
    Yes
    Global end of trial date
    07 Oct 2019
    Was the trial ended prematurely?
    No
    General information about the trial
    Main objective of the trial
    Primary: • To assess the change baseline in 24-hr proteinuria with dapagliflozin for six weeks relative to placebo treatment in patients with non-diabetic kidney disease and proteinuria > 500 mg/day on stable ACEi or ARB treatment.
    Protection of trial subjects
    The safety of the subjects was safeguarded by the site investigators and local standard procedures
    Background therapy
    N.ap.
    Evidence for comparator
    N.ap.
    Actual start date of recruitment
    22 Nov 2017
    Long term follow-up planned
    No
    Independent data monitoring committee (IDMC) involvement?
    No
    Population of trial subjects
    Number of subjects enrolled per country
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Canada: 22
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Malaysia: 11
    Country: Number of subjects enrolled
    Netherlands: 20
    Worldwide total number of subjects
    53
    EEA total number of subjects
    20
    Number of subjects enrolled per age group
    In utero
    0
    Preterm newborn - gestational age < 37 wk
    0
    Newborns (0-27 days)
    0
    Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    0
    Children (2-11 years)
    0
    Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0
    Adults (18-64 years)
    48
    From 65 to 84 years
    5
    85 years and over
    0

    Subject disposition

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    Recruitment
    Recruitment details
    Prior to their visit to the outpatient clinic, patients will be invited by local investigators to participate in the study by verbal invitation when they attend the clinic or by sending an invitation letter.

    Pre-assignment
    Screening details
    Male and female subjects with Chronic Kidney Disease aged between 18 and 75 years, proteinuria levels between 500 and 3500 mg/24-hour, and an eGFR ≥ 25 ml/min/1.73m2 will be enrolled.

    Period 1
    Period 1 title
    treatment period 1
    Is this the baseline period?
    Yes
    Allocation method
    Randomised - controlled
    Blinding used
    Double blind
    Roles blinded
    Subject, Investigator, Monitor, Carer
    Blinding implementation details
    The randomisation codes were provided by an unmasked pharmacist employed by the study sponsor (UMCG, Groningen, Netherlands). The study medication was labelled on the basis of the generated codes. The generated codes were used by the unmasked data manager to set up the randomisation module.

    Arms
    Are arms mutually exclusive
    Yes

    Arm title
    Dapagliflozin
    Arm description
    active
    Arm type
    Experimental

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Dapagliflozin
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Tablet
    Routes of administration
    Oral use
    Dosage and administration details
    10 mg per day, oral

    Arm title
    Placebo
    Arm description
    placebo
    Arm type
    Placebo

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Placebo
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Tablet
    Routes of administration
    Oral use
    Dosage and administration details
    10mg matching placebo, oral, tablet

    Number of subjects in period 1
    Dapagliflozin Placebo
    Started
    27
    26
    Completed
    26
    26
    Not completed
    1
    0
         Adverse event, non-fatal
    1
    -
    Period 2
    Period 2 title
    Treatment period 2
    Is this the baseline period?
    No
    Allocation method
    Randomised - controlled
    Blinding used
    Double blind
    Roles blinded
    Subject, Investigator, Monitor, Carer
    Blinding implementation details
    The randomisation codes were provided by an unmasked pharmacist employed by the study sponsor (University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands). The study medication was labelled on the basis of the generated codes. The generated codes were used by the unmasked data manager to set up the randomisation module.

    Arms
    Are arms mutually exclusive
    Yes

    Arm title
    Dapagliflozin
    Arm description
    active
    Arm type
    Experimental

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Dapagliflozin
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Tablet
    Routes of administration
    Oral use
    Dosage and administration details
    10 mg per day, oral

    Arm title
    Placebo
    Arm description
    Placebo
    Arm type
    Placebo

    Investigational medicinal product name
    Placebo
    Investigational medicinal product code
    Other name
    Pharmaceutical forms
    Tablet
    Routes of administration
    Oral use
    Dosage and administration details
    10mg matching placebo, oral, tablet

    Number of subjects in period 2
    Dapagliflozin Placebo
    Started
    26
    26
    Completed
    26
    24
    Not completed
    0
    2
         Adverse event, non-fatal
    -
    1
         personal
    -
    1

    Baseline characteristics

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    Baseline characteristics reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    treatment period 1
    Reporting group description
    -

    Reporting group values
    treatment period 1 Total
    Number of subjects
    53 53
    Age categorical
    Units: Subjects
        In utero
    0 0
        Preterm newborn infants (gestational age < 37 wks)
    0 0
        Newborns (0-27 days)
    0 0
        Infants and toddlers (28 days-23 months)
    0 0
        Children (2-11 years)
    0 0
        Adolescents (12-17 years)
    0 0
        Adults (18-64 years)
    50 50
        From 65-84 years
    3 3
        85 years and over
    0 0
    Age continuous
    Units: years
        geometric mean (standard deviation)
    51.3 ( 13.26 ) -
    Gender categorical
    Units: Subjects
        Female
    17 17
        Male
    36 36

    End points

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    End points reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Dapagliflozin
    Reporting group description
    active

    Reporting group title
    Placebo
    Reporting group description
    placebo
    Reporting group title
    Dapagliflozin
    Reporting group description
    active

    Reporting group title
    Placebo
    Reporting group description
    Placebo

    Primary: Change in 24-hr proteinuria

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    End point title
    Change in 24-hr proteinuria
    End point description
    End point type
    Primary
    End point timeframe
    24hr
    End point values
    Dapagliflozin Placebo Dapagliflozin Placebo
    Number of subjects analysed
    27
    26
    26
    26
    Units: mg per 24h
        arithmetic mean (standard deviation)
    1344.0 ( 707.60 )
    1272.9 ( 808.33 )
    1122.3 ( 831.39 )
    1352.4 ( 837.04 )
    Statistical analysis title
    mixed-effects linear regression model
    Comparison groups
    Dapagliflozin v Placebo
    Number of subjects included in analysis
    53
    Analysis specification
    Post-hoc
    Analysis type
    other [1]
    P-value
    = 0.93
    Method
    Mixed models analysis
    Parameter type
    Mean difference (final values)
    Confidence interval
         level
    95%
         sides
    2-sided
         lower limit
    -16.6
         upper limit
    22.1
    Notes
    [1] - mixed-effects linear regression model

    Adverse events

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    Adverse events information
    Timeframe for reporting adverse events
    From signing ICF until final follow up visit
    Assessment type
    Non-systematic
    Dictionary used for adverse event reporting
    Dictionary name
    MedDRA
    Dictionary version
    20.0
    Reporting groups
    Reporting group title
    Dapagliflozin
    Reporting group description
    Subjects receiving dapagliflozin during either period 1 or period 2

    Reporting group title
    Placebo
    Reporting group description
    Subject receiving placebo during either period 1 or period 2

    Serious adverse events
    Dapagliflozin Placebo
    Total subjects affected by serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 53 (1.89%)
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
         number of deaths (all causes)
    0
    0
         number of deaths resulting from adverse events
    0
    0
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Adenocarcinoma gastric
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 53 (1.89%)
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    1 / 1
    0 / 0
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
    Cellulitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 53 (0.00%)
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
         occurrences causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    1 / 1
         deaths causally related to treatment / all
    0 / 0
    0 / 0
    Frequency threshold for reporting non-serious adverse events: 0%
    Non-serious adverse events
    Dapagliflozin Placebo
    Total subjects affected by non serious adverse events
         subjects affected / exposed
    17 / 53 (32.08%)
    13 / 52 (25.00%)
    Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps)
    Colon cancer
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 53 (1.89%)
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Vascular disorders
    Hypotension
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 53 (0.00%)
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    General disorders and administration site conditions
    Thirst
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 53 (0.00%)
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Asthenia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 53 (0.00%)
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Chills
    alternative dictionary used: MedDRA 21.1
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 53 (0.00%)
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    2
    Swelling face
    alternative dictionary used: MedDRA 22.1
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 53 (0.00%)
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Fatigue
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 53 (1.89%)
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Peripheral swelling
    alternative dictionary used: MedDRA 21.1
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 53 (1.89%)
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Immune system disorders
    Influenza
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 53 (1.89%)
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Reproductive system and breast disorders
    Dysmenorrhoea
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 53 (1.89%)
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
    Cough
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 53 (0.00%)
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Nasal congestion
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 53 (1.89%)
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Investigations
    Urine output increased
    alternative dictionary used: MedDRA 21.1
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 53 (1.89%)
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Blood creatinine increased
    alternative dictionary used: MedDRA 21.0
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 53 (1.89%)
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Injury, poisoning and procedural complications
    Joint injury
    alternative dictionary used: MedDRA 21.1
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 53 (1.89%)
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Foot fracture
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 53 (1.89%)
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Nervous system disorders
    Dizziness
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 53 (0.00%)
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Dysgeusia
    alternative dictionary used: MedDRA 22.1
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 53 (1.89%)
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Headache
    alternative dictionary used: MedDRA 22.0
         subjects affected / exposed
    3 / 53 (5.66%)
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
         occurrences all number
    3
    1
    Lethargy
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 53 (0.00%)
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Gastrointestinal disorders
    Abdominal distension
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 53 (0.00%)
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Abdominal pain lower
    alternative dictionary used: MedDRA 20.1
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 53 (0.00%)
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Constipation
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 53 (0.00%)
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Vomiting
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 53 (0.00%)
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Nausea
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 53 (1.89%)
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
    Dry skin
    alternative dictionary used: MedDRA 21.1
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 53 (1.89%)
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Hyperhidrosis
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 53 (1.89%)
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    2
    Renal and urinary disorders
    Acute kidney injury
    alternative dictionary used: MedDRA 21.1
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 53 (1.89%)
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Pollakiuria
    alternative dictionary used: MedDRA 20.1
         subjects affected / exposed
    5 / 53 (9.43%)
    3 / 52 (5.77%)
         occurrences all number
    5
    3
    Chromaturia
    alternative dictionary used: MedDRA 22.1
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 53 (0.00%)
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Dysuria
    alternative dictionary used: MedDRA 20.1
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 53 (0.00%)
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
    Myalgia
         subjects affected / exposed
    2 / 53 (3.77%)
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    1
    Arthralgia
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 53 (0.00%)
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Back pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 53 (1.89%)
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    1
    Pain in extremity
    alternative dictionary used: MedDRA 21.1
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 53 (0.00%)
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Musculoskeletal pain
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 53 (1.89%)
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Infections and infestations
    Vaginal infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 53 (1.89%)
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Cellulitis
    alternative dictionary used: MedDRA 24.1
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 53 (0.00%)
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Urinary tract infection
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 53 (1.89%)
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Diverticulitis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 53 (0.00%)
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Nasopharyngitis
    alternative dictionary used: MedDRA 20.1
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 53 (1.89%)
    2 / 52 (3.85%)
         occurrences all number
    2
    2
    Pharyngitis streptococcal
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 53 (0.00%)
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Gastroenteritis
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 53 (0.00%)
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Metabolism and nutrition disorders
    Gout
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 53 (0.00%)
    3 / 52 (5.77%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    3
    Decreased appetite
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 53 (0.00%)
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1
    Diabetes mellitus
         subjects affected / exposed
    1 / 53 (1.89%)
    0 / 52 (0.00%)
         occurrences all number
    1
    0
    Increased appetite
         subjects affected / exposed
    0 / 53 (0.00%)
    1 / 52 (1.92%)
         occurrences all number
    0
    1

    More information

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    Substantial protocol amendments (globally)

    Were there any global substantial amendments to the protocol? Yes
    Date
    Amendment
    20 Feb 2018
    Page 13: Added assessment during screening visit: Medical History/Kidney Diagnosis; rationale: subject safety Page 14: Time & Events table: Visit 6: additional pregnancy test for Canadian sites; rationale: Per local regulatory requirement Page 19: Added exclusion criteria: ‘peripheral vascular disease’; rationale: Subject safety Page 20: Added exclusion criteria: ‘history of hypersensitivity or contraindications to iodinated contrast media’; rationale: Subject safety Page 22: Use of NSAIDs. ‘Continuous NSAID use is not permitted during the study. NSAIDs use for several days for pain management is permitted as long as it is not during the days prior to GFR / proteinuria assessments’; rationale: Subject safety Page 27: Store temperature medications <25°C instead of 30°C; rationale: Drug Accountability, updated information from AstraZeneca Page 36: Modificated AE handling for Canadian sites; rationale: Per local regulatory requirement Page 42-43: Modificated unblinding procedure; rationale: Updated information Page 44: Added information reporting overdose procedure; rationale: Subject safety

    Interruptions (globally)

    Were there any global interruptions to the trial? No

    Limitations and caveats

    Limitations of the trial such as small numbers of subjects analysed or technical problems leading to unreliable data.
    sample size was small the primary outcome was based on single 24-h urine collections the study follow-up was too short to fully characterise the safety of dapagliflozin in this population

    Online references

    http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32559474
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