Flag of the European Union EU Clinical Trials Register Help

Clinical trials for Bladder Cancer AND Cancer

The European Union Clinical Trials Register   allows you to search for protocol and results information on:
  • interventional clinical trials that were approved in the European Union (EU)/European Economic Area (EEA) under the Clinical Trials Directive 2001/20/EC
  • clinical trials conducted outside the EU/EEA that are linked to European paediatric-medicine development

  • EU/EEA interventional clinical trials approved under or transitioned to the Clinical Trial Regulation 536/2014 are publicly accessible through the
    Clinical Trials Information System (CTIS).


    The EU Clinical Trials Register currently displays   44338   clinical trials with a EudraCT protocol, of which   7368   are clinical trials conducted with subjects less than 18 years old.   The register also displays information on   18700   older paediatric trials (in scope of Article 45 of the Paediatric Regulation (EC) No 1901/2006).

    Phase 1 trials conducted solely on adults and that are not part of an agreed paediatric investigation plan (PIP) are not publicly available (see Frequently Asked Questions ).  
     
    Examples: Cancer AND drug name. Pneumonia AND sponsor name.
    How to search [pdf]
    Search Tips: Under advanced search you can use filters for Country, Age Group, Gender, Trial Phase, Trial Status, Date Range, Rare Diseases and Orphan Designation. For these items you should use the filters and not add them to your search terms in the text field.
    Advanced Search: Search tools
     
    380 result(s) found for: Bladder Cancer AND Cancer. Displaying page 6 of 19.
    EudraCT Number: 2018-003520-37 Sponsor Protocol Number: RG_18-220 Start Date*: 2020-02-07
    Sponsor Name:University of Birmingham
    Full Title: A multi-stage randomised trial of durvalumab (Medi4736) with chemoradiotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin C in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer
    Medical condition: Muscle invasive bladder cancer
    Disease: Version SOC Term Classification Code Term Level
    21.1 100000004864 10022877 Invasive bladder cancer LLT
    Population Age: Adults, Elderly Gender: Male, Female
    Trial protocol: GB (GB - no longer in EU/EEA)
    Trial results: (No results available)
    EudraCT Number: 2020-005565-13 Sponsor Protocol Number: 17000139BLC2002 Start Date*: 2021-10-26
    Sponsor Name:Janssen-Cilag International NV
    Full Title: A Phase 2, Open-Label, Multi-Center, Randomized Study of TAR-200 in Combination with Cetrelimab and Cetrelimab Alone in Participants with Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder who are...
    Medical condition: Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder
    Disease: Version SOC Term Classification Code Term Level
    20.0 100000004864 10046714 Urothelial carcinoma bladder LLT
    21.0 100000004864 10046720 Urothelial carcinoma bladder stage II LLT
    21.0 100000004864 10046721 Urothelial carcinoma bladder stage III LLT
    21.0 100000004864 10046722 Urothelial carcinoma bladder stage IV LLT
    Population Age: Adults, Elderly Gender: Male, Female
    Trial protocol: ES (Ongoing) BE (Trial now transitioned) FR (Trial now transitioned) IT (Trial now transitioned) NL (Ongoing)
    Trial results: (No results available)
    EudraCT Number: 2014-002206-20 Sponsor Protocol Number: MK-3475-052 Start Date*: 2014-12-22
    Sponsor Name:Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc.
    Full Title: A Phase II Clinical Trial of Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) in Subjects with Advanced/Unresectable or Metastatic Urothelial Cancer
    Medical condition: advanced/unresectable (inoperable) or metastatic urothelial cancer of the renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, or urethra.
    Disease: Version SOC Term Classification Code Term Level
    17.1 100000004864 10046714 Urothelial carcinoma bladder LLT
    Population Age: Adults, Elderly Gender: Male, Female
    Trial protocol: ES (Completed) DK (Completed) IT (Completed) IE (Completed) GB (GB - no longer in EU/EEA) HU (Completed) NL (Completed)
    Trial results: View results
    EudraCT Number: 2019-001679-36 Sponsor Protocol Number: ML41007 Start Date*: 2019-09-26
    Sponsor Name:Aarhus University
    Full Title: Treatment Of Metastic Bladder cancer at the time Of biochemical reLApse following radical cystectomy
    Medical condition: Biochemical relapse in patients who have undergone radical cystectomy because of muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder
    Disease: Version SOC Term Classification Code Term Level
    21.1 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10066754 Bladder transitional cell carcinoma stage III PT
    Population Age: Elderly Gender: Male, Female
    Trial protocol: DK (Trial now transitioned)
    Trial results: (No results available)
    EudraCT Number: 2020-000235-51 Sponsor Protocol Number: ANZUP1301 Start Date*: 2020-11-11
    Sponsor Name:Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust
    Full Title: BCG+MM Trial Adding mitomycin to BCG as adjuvant intravesical therapy for high-risk, non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a randomised phase 3 trial
    Medical condition: High grade non muscle invasive bladder cancer
    Disease:
    Population Age: Adults, Elderly Gender: Male, Female
    Trial protocol: GB (GB - no longer in EU/EEA)
    Trial results: (No results available)
    EudraCT Number: 2022-000222-24 Sponsor Protocol Number: CYC140-101 Start Date*: 2022-06-07
    Sponsor Name:Cyclacel Pharmaceuticals
    Full Title: A PHASE 1/2, OPEN-LABEL, MULTICENTER STUDY TO INVESTIGATE THE SAFETY, PHARMACOKINETICS AND EFFICACY OF CYC140, AN ORAL PLK1 INHIBITOR, IN SUBJECTS WITH ADVANCED SOLID TUMORS AND LYMPHOMA
    Medical condition: ADVANCED SOLID TUMORS AND LYMPHOMA
    Disease: Version SOC Term Classification Code Term Level
    20.0 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10005003 Bladder cancer PT
    20.0 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10006187 Breast cancer PT
    21.1 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10061873 Non-small cell lung cancer PT
    21.1 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10041067 Small cell lung cancer PT
    20.0 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10073071 Hepatocellular carcinoma PT
    20.0 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10073077 Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma LLT
    20.0 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10074879 Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma LLT
    20.0 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10017620 Gallbladder carcinoma LLT
    21.0 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10052362 Metastatic colorectal cancer LLT
    20.0 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10003899 B-cell lymphoma PT
    Population Age: Adults, Elderly Gender: Male, Female
    Trial protocol: ES (Ongoing)
    Trial results: (No results available)
    EudraCT Number: 2013-000782-36 Sponsor Protocol Number: AGO/2013/002 Start Date*: 2013-08-13
    Sponsor Name:Ghent University Hospital
    Full Title: Effect of TachoSil® on incidence of symptomatic and radiographic lymphoceles after extended pelvic lymph node dissection in prostate and bladder cancer.
    Medical condition: Patients with prostate cancer or bladder cancer, undergoing transperitoneal pelvic lymph node dissection.
    Disease: Version SOC Term Classification Code Term Level
    14.1 100000004865 10057890 Lymph node dissection LLT
    Population Age: Adults, Elderly Gender: Male, Female
    Trial protocol: BE (Completed)
    Trial results: (No results available)
    EudraCT Number: 2018-001527-39 Sponsor Protocol Number: SGN22E-002 Start Date*: 2021-02-16
    Sponsor Name:Seagen Inc.
    Full Title: A study of enfortumab vedotin (ASG-22CE) as monotherapy or in combination with other anticancer therapies for the treatment of urothelial cancer
    Medical condition: Urothelial cancer
    Disease: Version SOC Term Classification Code Term Level
    20.0 100000004864 10046714 Urothelial carcinoma bladder LLT
    20.0 100000004864 10046723 Urothelial carcinoma ureter LLT
    20.0 100000004864 10046728 Urothelial carcinoma urethra LLT
    21.1 100000004864 10077840 Urothelial cancer of renal pelvis LLT
    Population Age: Adults, Elderly Gender: Male, Female
    Trial protocol: FR (Trial now transitioned) IT (Completed)
    Trial results: (No results available)
    EudraCT Number: 2014-001225-33 Sponsor Protocol Number: UC-0105/1401 Start Date*: 2014-07-21
    Sponsor Name:UNICANCER
    Full Title: Secured access to vemurafenib for patients with tumors harboring BRAF genomic alterations.
    Medical condition: Patient with BRAF V600 mutation determined on the primary and/or metastatic lesion in the following pathologies: . NSCLC . Ovarian cancer . Cholangiocarcinoma . Thyroid cancer . Prostatic canc...
    Disease: Version SOC Term Classification Code Term Level
    17.0 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10019053 Hairy cell leukaemia PT
    17.0 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10060862 Prostate cancer PT
    17.0 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10039491 Sarcoma PT
    17.0 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10005003 Bladder cancer PT
    17.0 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10008593 Cholangiocarcinoma PT
    17.0 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10008958 Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia PT
    17.0 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10071653 Gastrointestinal stromal cancer PT
    17.0 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10061873 Non-small cell lung cancer PT
    17.0 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10066474 Thyroid cancer PT
    17.0 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10035226 Plasma cell myeloma PT
    Population Age: Adults, Elderly Gender: Male, Female
    Trial protocol: FR (Trial now transitioned)
    Trial results: (No results available)
    EudraCT Number: 2020-002646-16 Sponsor Protocol Number: 17000139BLC2001 Start Date*: 2021-04-26
    Sponsor Name:Janssen-Cilag International NV
    Full Title: Phase 2b Clinical Study Evaluating Efficacy and Safety of TAR-200 in Combination with Cetrelimab, TAR-200 Alone, or Cetrelimab Alone in Participants with High-Risk Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cance...
    Medical condition: Non-Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma (NMIBC) of the Bladder
    Disease: Version SOC Term Classification Code Term Level
    20.0 100000004864 10046714 Urothelial carcinoma bladder LLT
    21.0 100000004864 10046720 Urothelial carcinoma bladder stage II LLT
    21.0 100000004864 10046721 Urothelial carcinoma bladder stage III LLT
    21.0 100000004864 10046722 Urothelial carcinoma bladder stage IV LLT
    Population Age: Adults, Elderly Gender: Male, Female
    Trial protocol: DE (Trial now transitioned) FR (Trial now transitioned) BE (Trial now transitioned) NL (Trial now transitioned) PT (Trial now transitioned) GR (Trial now transitioned) IT (Trial now transitioned) ES (Ongoing)
    Trial results: (No results available)
    EudraCT Number: 2013-001699-39 Sponsor Protocol Number: HER117158 Start Date*: 2015-03-11
    Sponsor Name:GlaxoSmithKline Research Development Ltd
    Full Title: A phase I, first time in human, open-label, dose escalation study to investigate the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of anti-HER3 monoclonal antibody GSK2849330 in subjects with adva...
    Medical condition: Subjects with advanced HER3-positive solid tumors
    Disease: Version SOC Term Classification Code Term Level
    17.1 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10017758 Gastric cancer PT
    17.1 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10033575 Pancreas cancer LLT
    17.1 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10060862 Prostate cancer PT
    17.1 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10053571 Melanoma LLT
    17.1 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10073071 Hepatocellular carcinoma PT
    17.1 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10008229 Cervical cancer LLT
    17.1 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10005003 Bladder cancer PT
    17.1 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10061873 Non-small cell lung cancer PT
    17.1 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10061451 Colorectal cancer PT
    17.1 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10006187 Breast cancer PT
    17.1 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10033128 Ovarian cancer PT
    17.1 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10067821 Head and neck cancer PT
    Population Age: Adults, Elderly Gender: Male, Female
    Trial protocol: NL (Completed)
    Trial results: View results
    EudraCT Number: 2015-003680-11 Sponsor Protocol Number: PRESURGY/01/2015 Start Date*: 2015-12-15
    Sponsor Name:PRESURGY S.L.
    Full Title: Impact of the mitomicin-C (MMC) preoperative administration in patients with primary urothelial non-muscle invasive (TVNMI) bladder cancer using electromotive instillation (EMDA). Prospective rando...
    Medical condition: Impact of the mitomicin-C (MMC) preoperative administration in patients with primary urothelial non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (TVNMI) using electromotive instillation (EMDA). Prospective rando...
    Disease:
    Population Age: Adults, Elderly Gender: Male, Female
    Trial protocol: ES (Ongoing)
    Trial results: (No results available)
    EudraCT Number: 2019-000850-78 Sponsor Protocol Number: IB2019-01 Start Date*: 2021-01-20
    Sponsor Name:Institut Bergonié
    Full Title: Atezolizumab combined with BDB001 and immunogenic radiotherapy in participants with advanced solid tumors.
    Medical condition: - pancreatic cancer - virus-associated tumors - non-small cell lung cancer - soft-tissue sarcoma - bladder cancer - Triple negative breast cancer
    Disease: Version SOC Term Classification Code Term Level
    20.0 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10029104 Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) SOC
    21.1 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10033605 Pancreatic cancer metastatic LLT
    21.1 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10059515 Non-small cell lung cancer metastatic PT
    20.0 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10039494 Sarcoma NOS LLT
    21.0 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10005012 Bladder cancer stage IV PT
    20.0 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10027475 Metastatic breast cancer LLT
    Population Age: Adults, Elderly Gender: Male, Female
    Trial protocol: FR (Trial now transitioned)
    Trial results: (No results available)
    EudraCT Number: 2006-000047-26 Sponsor Protocol Number: AN05-7301 Start Date*: 2006-03-10
    Sponsor Name:Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust
    Full Title: A randomized controlled trial of caudal epidural or intravenous fentanyl on the post-operative analgesia requirements after transurethral endoscopic resection of prostate, bladder neck or bladder t...
    Medical condition: Bladder spasm following endoscopic resection for: Bladder tumour Prostate hypertrophy Prostate cancer
    Disease:
    Population Age: Adults, Elderly Gender: Male, Female
    Trial protocol: GB (GB - no longer in EU/EEA)
    Trial results: (No results available)
    EudraCT Number: 2013-002417-35 Sponsor Protocol Number: NUCOGI-VINGEM Start Date*: 2013-09-10
    Sponsor Name:Department of Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital
    Full Title: A multicenter, randomized phase II trial of vinflunine/gemcitabine versus carboplatin /gemcitabine as first line treatment in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma unfit for cisplatin based...
    Medical condition: Locally advanced or Metastatic urothelial carcinoma
    Disease: Version SOC Term Classification Code Term Level
    18.1 100000004864 10046721 Urothelial carcinoma bladder stage III LLT
    18.1 100000004864 10046723 Urothelial carcinoma ureter LLT
    18.1 100000004864 10046714 Urothelial carcinoma bladder LLT
    18.1 100000004864 10046722 Urothelial carcinoma bladder stage IV LLT
    18.1 100000004864 10046725 Urothelial carcinoma ureter metastatic LLT
    18.1 100000004864 10046730 Urothelial carcinoma urethra metastatic LLT
    18.1 100000004864 10046728 Urothelial carcinoma urethra LLT
    Population Age: Adults, Elderly Gender: Male, Female
    Trial protocol: SE (Completed) DK (Completed) FI (Completed)
    Trial results: View results
    EudraCT Number: 2008-000968-16 Sponsor Protocol Number: F1J-FR-HAAB Start Date*: 2008-11-18
    Sponsor Name:CeRePP
    Full Title: EFFICACY OF DULOXETINE IN THE TREATMENT OF URINARY INCONTINENCEAFTER PROSTATECTOMIE DUE TO CANCER
    Medical condition: We want to evaluate the effect of Duloxetine 40mg BID (80mg daily dose) on the number of urinary incontinence episodes as shown on a 74 days bladder diary, compared to placebo for male which had a...
    Disease: Version SOC Term Classification Code Term Level
    9.1 10046543 Urinary incontinence LLT
    Population Age: Adults, Elderly Gender: Male
    Trial protocol: FR (Ongoing)
    Trial results: (No results available)
    EudraCT Number: 2016-001359-36 Sponsor Protocol Number: CA223-001 Start Date*: 2016-07-26
    Sponsor Name:Bristol-Myers Squibb International Corporation
    Full Title: A Phase I /II Dose Escalation and Cohort Expansion Study of the Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of Anti-KIR (Lirilumab) Administered in Combination with Anti-PD-1 (Nivolumab) in Advanced Refracto...
    Medical condition: Solid tumors
    Disease: Version SOC Term Classification Code Term Level
    19.0 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10060121 Squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck PT
    Population Age: Adults, Elderly Gender: Male, Female
    Trial protocol: IT (Completed) FR (Completed) ES (Completed)
    Trial results: View results
    EudraCT Number: 2012-004895-21 Sponsor Protocol Number: NEO-BLADE Start Date*: 2014-01-17
    Sponsor Name:The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust
    Full Title: Phase II randomised placebo controlled NEOadjuvant chemotherapy study of Nintedanib with Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in locally advanced muscle invasive BLADder cancEr
    Medical condition: Muscle invasive bladder cancer - localised muscle invasive carcinoma (T2-T4a N0 M0)
    Disease: Version SOC Term Classification Code Term Level
    19.0 100000004864 10022877 Invasive bladder cancer LLT
    Population Age: Adults, Elderly Gender: Male, Female
    Trial protocol: GB (GB - no longer in EU/EEA)
    Trial results: (No results available)
    EudraCT Number: 2021-000615-23 Sponsor Protocol Number: UC-IMM-2101 Start Date*: 2021-06-17
    Sponsor Name:UNICANCER
    Full Title: Randomized phase III trial of standard immunotherapy (IO) by checkpoint inhibitors, versus reduced dose intensity of IO in patients with metastatic cancer in response after 6 months of standard IO
    Medical condition: Oncologic metastatic tumour (lung cancer (K), renal cell K (except IMDC favorable-risk treated TKI / immunotherapy [IO] combination), head and neck K, bladder K, triple negative breast K, Merkel K ...
    Disease: Version SOC Term Classification Code Term Level
    20.0 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10025044 Lung cancer LLT
    21.1 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10038407 Renal cell cancer LLT
    21.1 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10067821 Head and neck cancer PT
    20.0 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10005003 Bladder cancer PT
    20.0 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10075566 Triple negative breast cancer PT
    21.1 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10053571 Melanoma LLT
    20.0 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10073071 Hepatocellular carcinoma PT
    21.1 10029104 - Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) 10064025 Merkel cell carcinoma LLT
    Population Age: Adults, Elderly Gender: Male, Female
    Trial protocol: FR (Trial now transitioned)
    Trial results: (No results available)
    EudraCT Number: 2019-001833-14 Sponsor Protocol Number: EAURF2018-02 Start Date*: 2020-12-04
    Sponsor Name:EAU Research Foundation
    Full Title: Open-label, single-arm, Phase II study, evaluating safety and efficacy of INCB054828 (Pemigatinib) as adjuvant therapy for molecularly-selected, high-risk patients with urothelial carcinoma who hav...
    Medical condition: pT3-4 and/or pN1-3 urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the urinary bladder or upper urinary tract after radical cystectomy /radical nephroureterectomy previously treated with at least three cycles of ne...
    Disease: Version SOC Term Classification Code Term Level
    20.0 100000004864 10046714 Urothelial carcinoma bladder LLT
    Population Age: Adults, Elderly Gender: Male, Female
    Trial protocol: FR (Prematurely Ended) IT (Prematurely Ended)
    Trial results: View results
    Download Options:
    Number of Trials to download:
    Download Content:
    Download Format:
    Note, where multi-state trials are shown in search results, selecting "Full Trial details" will download full information for each of the member states/countries involved in the trial.
    Query did not match any studies.
    For support, Contact us.
    The status and protocol content of GB trials is no longer updated since 1 January 2021. For the UK, as of 31 January 2021, EU Law applies only to the territory of Northern Ireland (NI) to the extent foreseen in the Protocol on Ireland/NI. Legal notice
    As of 31 January 2023, all EU/EEA initial clinical trial applications must be submitted through CTIS . Updated EudraCT trials information and information on PIP/Art 46 trials conducted exclusively in third countries continues to be submitted through EudraCT and published on this website.

    European Medicines Agency © 1995-Fri May 23 15:50:38 CEST 2025 | Domenico Scarlattilaan 6, 1083 HS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    EMA HMA